Health Care Information System ( Hcis ) - 1539 Words

Health care information system (HCIS) is an arrangement of information (data), processes, people, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support the health care organization (Wager, Lee, Glaser, 2013, p. 105). Having a ready access to accurate and relevant information is essential to health care organizations, providers, and patients (Wager, Lee, Glaser, 2013). The growing development of health care technology has the potential to improve the quality of medical care in the US health care system. However, the continuous advancement of health information technology has increased the possibility of potential breaches of private or confidential healtt information. Some of the widely use health information technology nowadays are telehealth and telemedicine, Immunization Information System (IIS), electronic health records, electronic medical records, and so forth (ANA Center for Ethics and Human Rights, 2015). A breach of patient privacy and confidentiality is a threat to health care information and poses risk to people’s lives. It may affect the care that the patients receive as well their lives. This threat can be human threat (intentional or unintentional), natural and environmental (floods, fires, and etc.), and technology malfunctions (Wager, Lee, Glaser, 2013, p. 354). Lack of proper training on how to use the system and weak information security policy are some of the reasons for theShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Information Systems ( Hcis )1121 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Care Information Systems Sitharam Devineni,devin2s@cmich.edu BIS 625 Research in Information Systems College of Business Administration, Department of Business Information Systems Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 USA Abstract The use of Information system in the field of health care is growing rapidly as a basic requirement for the health care organizations. Health care information systems (HCIS) is also known as Health care Informatics. The purpose of the paperRead MoreExamination of Health Care Facilities Over a 20-Year Span1264 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of HCIS over the Past Two Decades It is true that information and information exchange are crucial to the delivery of care on all levels of the health care delivery system the patient, the care team, the health care organization, and the encompassing political-economic environment (Reid et al., 2013, p 63). Information systems play a huge role in health care in the contemporary context, although they had a much more limited role in the past, and even twenty years ago HCIS systems were nowhereRead MoreEvolution of Health Care Systems Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Vicki Tate HCS 533 Health Information Systems Group# MHAA119AC8 University of Phoenix Renee Gorby January 7, 2011 â€Æ' Health Care Information Systems Health care Information systems have become more prevalent in our current Health Care system than it was twenty years ago. The computer was not used to the extent it is today in regards to patient care, documentation, billing, educationRead MoreReport on the Security System at Natividad Medical Center1227 Words   |  5 Pageson the security system at Natividad Medical Center. Using relevant peer-reviewed and technical reports, I devise an analysis plan that explains thoroughly, how I will analyze as well as evaluate Natividad Medical Centers Hospital Computer Information Systems (HCIS) network and its hospital-grade systems infrastructure and technology components. In this comprehensive report, the details of what is going to be analyzed is presented as well as how I am going to analyze the systems (process and tools)Read MoreDeveloping Healthcare IT Requests for Proposals877 Words   |  3 PagesHealthcare IT RFPs Developing healthcare IT requests for proposals (RFPs) can be a daunting task. It is also a critical one institutions must exercise care in making their final selection of a solution vendor to ensure that the needs and requirements of their unique business are adequately addressed (Mayer, 2009). As a result, heavy investments in time are needed to develop the correct detail and also incorporate the input of various stakeholders. Although vendors can contribute to the RFP creationRead MoreFaulty Data And Its Effects On Patient Care Decisions871 Words   |  4 Pagesquality and accurate data that must be validated in order for health care providers to provide quality care for their patients. Accurate data can be impeded or compromised by As a result, not excessive data, measurement instruments are erroneous, â€Å"imprecision in terminology, illegibility and inaccessibility of records, and other opportunities for misinterpretation of data.† â€Å"..Use of faulty data can have serious adverse effects on patient-care decisions† (Musen, Middleton, Greenes, 2014). PhysiciansRead MoreTechnology In Healthcare868 Words   |  4 PagesImproving Perception of a New System Information technology has shaped the health care system. The integration of technology into medical practice paved the way to improved documentation. Hospital organizations are now moving towards computer-based documentation (Meißner, Schnepp, 2014). The change in practice to the computerized system has been the prevailing trend and continued to grow. It is considered as the most significant technological improvement in the past decades ( Yoder-Wise KowalskiRead MoreEssay on Evolution of Health Care Information Systems1299 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution of Health Care Information Systems Dimetria Major HCS/533 March 29, 2013 Suzie Mays Evolution of Health Care Information System Health care has come a long way in technology for the past, implementing new technology has made the health care industry grow in size. Major events of health care have paved the way for future technologies influence the physicians, administrators, clinicians, andRead MoreHealth Care Management And Healthcare Management1830 Words   |  8 Pagescomputer and internet technologies. In physicians health care management processes, complications with upgrading systems have resulted in a lack of timely integration of information systems. The defects which create challenges for physician productivity and decrease patient satisfaction are often due to a system that has fallen behind. Lack of integration of information systems can lead to reduced physician productivity, non-suitable patient care, and poor satisfaction of patients. One way in whichRead MoreChanges in the Healthcare Industry1281 Words   |  5 Pagespatterns, and technological advances. The industry changed in terms of a reliance on hospital-based care to more emergency clinics, outpatient and nursing home services, and managed care. More hospitals merged, and many doctors have banded together to form larger, more cost-effective, speciality groups. One of the largest and most obvious changes has been in cost of healthcare. In 1990 the avereage cost of care per person was $2800, rising in 2000 to $4700, and then in 2010 exceeding $7500. In 1990, 14

The five pillars of today’s security techniques Free Essays

With increased incidents of security intrusions more emphases is being put in Information Systems Security. Corporate data needs to be protected at all cost. A compromise on system security could cost an organization millions in data loss and strategic information spilling. We will write a custom essay sample on The five pillars of today’s security techniques or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus, a formidable security system is an investment any organization running data traffic on corporate and public networks should implement. Information system security can be enhanced through the following: Protection: Firewalls employ selective rules to grant or deny access to data traffic in to the intranet. To limit access to a website, you might decide to block the associated FTP port.   Firewalls may also be configured to block all traffic apart from a few, listed. For example to limited access to common World Wide Web traffic, you may just block port 80 or 8080. Intrusion prevention: Intrusion prevention systems combine the strengths of firewall and IPS. It examines network traffic like IDS and determines whether to pass any given traffic like firewalls. The IPS assesses traffic patterns to evaluate the type of network access and to determine whether it should be permitted. While IDS can only note an ongoing attack and pass the alert to an analyst, the IPS will stop the attack by blocking traffic between the attacker and its victim. Intrusion Detection: Intrusion detection systems (IDS) actively look for intrusions in process such as forbidden websites access or Trojan horse attempting to control a workstation activity. They record dangerous patterns and alert the network security personnel. They have to be configured carefully for purposes of sending the correct information to the security personnel. Reaction: In the event of a security compromise in your organization, there is always an expected reaction.   You may react by sealing the loops e.g. in a web based information system, a poorly coded script code that skips password encryption may be corrected on an in-house programming exercise. An off shelf application whose security has been compromised may be reported to the vendor for future provision of security updates. Documentation: All security attacks, their impact on the information system and possible sources and causes should be documented. This gives an audit trail for future consideration. Adaptive development, also takes into consideration such incidences for purposes of fixing the bugs.    How to cite The five pillars of today’s security techniques, Papers

Comparison of Heaneys at a Potato Digging and Hardys Autumn Midnight free essay sample

In their poems ‘At a Potato Digging’ and ‘A Sheep Fair’ they describe different aspects of rural life; these were elements of life that would have been familiar to the poets and ones that they would have experienced. In their poetry Heaney and Hardy show an appreciation of rural life and the traditions and subsequent hardships that people would have dealt with as part of their lives. Heaney’s ‘At a Potato Digging’ describes the way in which the Irish people farmed the land and relied upon the earth for sustenance. Hardy’s ‘A Sheep Fair’ draws a picture of the animal fairs that would have been an integral part of the farming life and the British rural community. Both poets use language and techniques to show these events as, at times, unpleasant and difficult, experiences. In Heaney’s ‘At a Potato Digging’ the language sets up the close relationship between man and the earth and the cruel treatment man receives by the earth. The labourers are shown to work hard; the verb ‘swarm’ in the first stanza is used to show the frantic and busy nature of their work. This is followed by ‘ fingers go dead in the cold. ’ This metaphor for the workers illustrates how cruel the labour and working conditions were. The simile used in the second stanza compares the labourers to ‘crows’ that are entrapped by the land- unable to escape; they must scavenge, like crows, for survival. Similarly ‘A Sheep Fair’ draws a picture of rural life as unpleasant and difficult. The repetition of rainfall throughout the poem emphasises the uncomfortable hardship of this work: ‘And torrents fall’. This phrase is repeated at the end of the first stanza and the theme of ‘wetness’ is continued in stanza two: ‘The buyers’ hat- brims fill like pails,/ Which spill small cascades†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The rain here reflects the tone of this poem as the poem is similar to a funeral dirge- the sheep are being hastened to their doom. This is comparable to the tone in ‘At a Potato Digging’. Here we have a tone of detachment and monotony in relation to the labourers and the dehumanizing effect of their work. This is achieved through synecdoche; in stanza three the workers are referred to simply as body parts: ‘Heads bow, trunks bend, hands fumble†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This loss of identity strips the worker of personality and emphasises their servitude. This theme of servitude is further emphasised in ‘At a Potato Digging’ by the structure and rhyme scheme. The rhyme scheme is ABAB- it is repetitive and this reflects the monotonous nature of the work. The poem also uses enjambment throughout to symbolise the continuous motion of their labour: ‘Some pairs keep breaking ranks to fetch/ A full creel to the pit and straighten, stand/ Tall for a moment but soon stumble back†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This example of enjambment between stanzas two and three show us that although the labourers may have moments of dignity and accomplishment they must ‘fall’ back to work in order to survive. ‘A Sheep Fair’ also uses a regular rhyme scheme and structure. The rhyme scheme is ABABCCCCDD. This shows the rhythmical and methodical way in which the sheep fair would have worked through the lots of sheep for sale. The CCCC is used as listing and this increases the pace of the poem and reflects the busyness of the fair. This also captures snapshot moments of the fair from the poet’s memory: ‘Their horns are soft as finger- nails,/ Their shepards reek against the rails,/ The tied dogs soak with tucked- in tails,/ The buyers’ hats fill like pails†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ These lines also use alliteration to emphasise the methodical motions of the events of the fair; they create a pace and rhythm in the poem. A Sheep Fair’ also uses a POSTSCRIPT as part of its structure. This is to show the passage of time- time has moved on and the sheep fair is now a memory. Like ‘At a Potato Digging’ nature is cruel and here time’s passing has been cruel- the sheep have ‘long since bled’ and ironically the auctioneer ‘who â€Å"Going- Going† so often said’ has also died. In ‘At a Potato Digging’ modernity is juxtaposed to traditional farming methods. This coupled with the violent vocabulary in the word ‘wrecked’ allows the reader to see the cruelty of the earth and the servile attitude of the labourers. There is also the use of religious language in this poem- ‘Processional stooping through the turf/ Recurs mindlessly as autumn†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This shows the reader how the labourers bow to the earth, they make it their ‘altar’. The vocabulary used in this last stanza is an abundance of single syllable words. This gives the poem a harsh, jarring quality. It shows the raw power of nature and man’s subservience to ‘mother nature’: ‘fear’, ‘sod’ and ‘god’. ‘A Sheep Fair’ also uses language and sound to reflect the busy and quick pace of the fair. Alliteration is used in the first stanza to show the methodical nature of the auction: ‘†¦ round them reared’ and ‘lot by lot.. ’ This device is developed in the second stanza- ‘reek against the rails’ and tucked- in tails’. The alliteration also provides the poem with a lyrical quality that emphasises that this is a memory. The alliteration continues into the third and final stanza: ‘wet/ And wooly wear’ and ‘ meek, mewed band.. ’ Here the alliteration focuses on the description of the unfortunate sheep that the poet remembers were sent to their death. Both poets successfully use language, imagery and structure to capture pictures of rural life. They both create a tone that is quite negative and reflects the hardship of that life. Personally I preferred ‘At a Potato Digging’ as it creates real pathos for the labourers. The religious imagery seems to almost hearken back to the fall of mankind and the curse that was then put upon man to live by the sweat of his brow. There is that suggestion that the earth, which is meant to nurture and sustain has cruelly turned its back upon the workers; we know from history and the Irish potato famine that this was the case for many Irish farmers. When it comes to depicting hardship I think Heaney does it best. Although there is the definite suggestion that the sheep fair was wet and uncomfortable there is almost a fondness in the depth of the memory as it is retold in ‘A Sheep Fair’. The vivid memory and the snapshot images have an element of nostalgia to them that is quite positive in tone. Both poets give us visual depictions of scenes that they were both clearly familiar with.

Research Paper on Lorraine Hansberry Essay Example

Research Paper on Lorraine Hansberry Essay Lorraine Hansberry, born in Chicago, May 19th, 1930 – died in New York, 12 January, 1965 was an American playwright and novelist.Those college students who are looking forward to writing an argumentative and interesting research paper on the topic have to certainly know that the most famous story by Lorraine Hansberry, A Raisin in the Sun, was based on the legal battle by her family against the laws of racial segregation during his childhood. Lorraine Hansberry was born in Chicago, Illinois, the last child in the big family, she grew up in the south Chicago in the Woodlawn neighborhood. The family later moved into a neighborhood populated entirely by whites, where they had to deal with racial discrimination. Lorraine attended a public school with the white majority, while her parents fought against segregation. Her father began a legal battle against a convention that was attempting to forbid Afro-American families to buy a house in that area. Their struggle became famous with the name of Hansberry v. Lee, 311 US 32 (1940). The family came out the winner and the experience inspired Lorraine to write her most famous work, A Raisin in the Sun. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Lorraine Hansberry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Lorraine Hansberry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Lorraine Hansberry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For some time Lorraine Hansberry was a student at the Wisconsin University, but the college was too boring for the young lady and she left it in 1950 to pursue her writing career in New York City. She joined the Black Freedom a local newspaper. At the same time he wrote A Raisin in the Sun, which became very successful. Lorraine Hansberry became the first African-American woman whose theater play to be represented on Broadway. She also received the New York Drama Critics Award, which made her the youngest and first African-American to win the award. With the success of A Raisin in the Sun Hansberry became the progenitor of the African-American dramatic art. There is The Lorraine Hansberry Theatre in San Francisco. The theater is the main institution of the sort in the U.S. Fighting for the revival of the African-American theater, bears this name in her honor. Lorraine’s good friend Nina Simone, singer and pianist, together with Weldon Irvine used the title of her unfinished work to write a song on the theme of civil rights To Be Young, Gifted and Black. The single reached up the top 10 of the RB charts. She died on 12 January 1965, at age 34, of pancreatic cancer. He left unfinished a novel and three plays, the content of which has to do with different kinds of emotions. Free example research papers may be used as a great resource of the relevant data. They are also good as a guidelines on the procedure of scientific article preparing, composing and structuring, as well as to teach how to present your own ideas on topic in the best possible way. Are you looking for a top-notch custom research paper about Lorraine Hansberry? Is confidentiality as important to you as the high quality of the product? Try our writing service at EssayLib.com! We can offer you professional assistance at affordable rates. Our experienced PhD and Master’s writers are ready to take into account your smallest demands. We guarantee you 100% authenticity of your paper and assure you of dead on time delivery. Proceed with the order form:

Free Essays on Night Falls On Armenia

Night Falls on Armenia Elie Wiesel’s Night explains the day-to-day hardships of a boy who survives the pain and suffering of a Nazi concentration camp. After the loss of his family, the narrator, Eliezer, along with his father, endures the inhumane treatment of Nazi soldiers. In Night, Eliezer struggles through the Jewish Holocaust, yet years before, the Armenian people had to battle arguably harder conditions in order to survive genocide. Turkish soldiers began their crusade against the Armenians out of fear of both social and economical suppression. The Jewish and Armenian people had similar fears about the people who oppressed them, and the oppressors’ style of subjugation is also homogeneous, but society’s review of the events differs greatly. The oppression of the Jews and Armenians indirectly results from the fears of both the victimized cultures. Eliezer realizes the existence of these fears when reading a letter from a friend. Eliezer recalls the friend’s account of the common beliefs of his community: â€Å" ‘The Jews in Budapest are living in an atmosphere of fear and terror. [†¦] The Fascists are attacking Jewish shops and synagogues. The situation is getting serious,’† (Wiesel 7). The Jews’ fear of loosing what they spent their whole lives building, in a way paralyzes them and prevents them from leaving the hellish conditions they faced in their homes. The reality of leaving behind their life’s work for destruction by the Fascists subconsciously may be unbearable. Similarly, the Armenians had to deal with the fears that engulfed their communities. Reynold Khachatourian, a genocide survivor reminisces, â€Å" ‘They called it â€Å"ethnic deportations due to national interest.† We didn’t care. My family refused to leave as long as we could. We were afraid to go. We were afraid to loose our home, our lives. It was all we had, and we couldn’t bear to leave it behind† (Miller 68). Eventually the Tur... Free Essays on Night Falls On Armenia Free Essays on Night Falls On Armenia Night Falls on Armenia Elie Wiesel’s Night explains the day-to-day hardships of a boy who survives the pain and suffering of a Nazi concentration camp. After the loss of his family, the narrator, Eliezer, along with his father, endures the inhumane treatment of Nazi soldiers. In Night, Eliezer struggles through the Jewish Holocaust, yet years before, the Armenian people had to battle arguably harder conditions in order to survive genocide. Turkish soldiers began their crusade against the Armenians out of fear of both social and economical suppression. The Jewish and Armenian people had similar fears about the people who oppressed them, and the oppressors’ style of subjugation is also homogeneous, but society’s review of the events differs greatly. The oppression of the Jews and Armenians indirectly results from the fears of both the victimized cultures. Eliezer realizes the existence of these fears when reading a letter from a friend. Eliezer recalls the friend’s account of the common beliefs of his community: â€Å" ‘The Jews in Budapest are living in an atmosphere of fear and terror. [†¦] The Fascists are attacking Jewish shops and synagogues. The situation is getting serious,’† (Wiesel 7). The Jews’ fear of loosing what they spent their whole lives building, in a way paralyzes them and prevents them from leaving the hellish conditions they faced in their homes. The reality of leaving behind their life’s work for destruction by the Fascists subconsciously may be unbearable. Similarly, the Armenians had to deal with the fears that engulfed their communities. Reynold Khachatourian, a genocide survivor reminisces, â€Å" ‘They called it â€Å"ethnic deportations due to national interest.† We didn’t care. My family refused to leave as long as we could. We were afraid to go. We were afraid to loose our home, our lives. It was all we had, and we couldn’t bear to leave it behind† (Miller 68). Eventually the Tur...

Bayeux Tapestry

Deceitfulness could creep in, should I deny that I look forward to the conclusion of your project and your safe return home. The children and I miss you. Oh yeah, Vanilla (white Persian cat) misses you also. In the mean time, I have something exciting to share. Last night I encountered an informative dream that positioned me in the medieval era. In my dream I had the pleasure of examining the Bayeux Tapestry and those closely related. First, please know that the Bayeux Tapestry is not really tapestry but a combination of linen pieces, embroidery with wool thread, to create a larger cloth. According to Sayre (2012) the cloth measures 20 inches tall and 231 feet wide with a unique twist that illustrates historical military events outlining the Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest. Latin is the primary language encrypted around and about this masterpiece. Baby, I tell you this was a long, long time ago, all the way back to approximately 1066 and I have never experiences anything close to this scenery. The people’s clothing of that century was relatively unusual in comparison of today and oh my goodness, the weapons were not AK47 assault rifles, shot-guns or any hand-held guns. Neither was it a bang, bang, shoot-em up style fighting. Yet this work of art captures the infamous Battle of Hastings and elements including humans, animals, scenes of nature, ships, and of course buildings. Throughout this dream, people conversed suggesting how beautiful yet informative; resembling a comic strip and eventually many referenced it as the British comic strip (Keye and Garber, 2011). Give me a minute and I will explain it all. Now and then, this work of art remains a topic of discussion. It portrays an important battle that withheld the test to time. As I remember the dream, these are the facts surrounding the Battle of Hastings. Most people thought Harold Godwinson would become King following the death of Edward the Confessor , reigning King. Unbelievable, there were two (2) others, Harald Hardrada and Duke William II, that claimed the thorn; consequently, two (2) invasions; one being the Vikings; yet another being the Normans. Whether it was by blood or marriage, oddly each believed their justification represented the overall perceptive as whey they should be king; off to war it was. In September 1066, the King of Norway, Harald Hardrada, invaded first; however, after strategically planning his combat, King Harold II defeated Hardrada. Needless to say, shortly thereafter on September 28, 1066, the second Battle of Hastings began. Duke William II led the Norman invasion. Crowned king for a short period, King Harold II led the English. Just imagine; both leaders were the â€Å"II†. In the pursuit of power and a quest to increase territory, Duke William II believed, with the help of Italy, he could over through the English. Unlike today, walking or horseback served as the means of transportation. The Normans out powered the English and you know it, they lost because their primary source of transportation was by foot. On December 25, 1066 Duke William II became King of England. This will be the last time that the English loses in battle (Berry, 2010). Although the Bayeux Tapestry is a linen fabric, many consider it a valuable document because it illustrates a major historical event. This masterpiece of art depicts a series of scenes from the first point of invasion through Duke William II becoming King. The art work consists of 623 individuals, namely men. You know what they thought of us omen; some believe that only three (3) encircled the men. Apparently the artist loved animals because they stitched over 200 horses, 50 dogs and 500 birds along with other animals to reveal the story. Oh, I forgot to tell you that it is not certain who conducted the work; however, many believe that King William’s wife was instrumental in the project. Regardless, seamstress took extreme care in the selection of an array of colors, including variations of blues, greens, tan, yellow and beige (Keye and Garber, 2011). Astonishingly, after over 940 years the Bayeux Tapestry remains in remarkable conditions. Berry (2010) suggests that it endured numerous threats and shifted to different holdings to avoid destruction. For example, in 1792 the French Revolution posed the Bayeux Tapestry first threat and again in 1794. The invasion of England in 1803 imposed another threat; however, Napoleon Bonaparte, a brilliant military leader, recognized the unstated value of the cloth and quickly demanded shelter for its safekeeping. World War II posed as the final threat. People learned of the unmentionable value, townships became proactive and endured risking their life for its return. After a brief stay in Paris, in 1945 the Bayeux Tapestry returned to its final home Bayeux, France. The Bayeux Tapestry, a work of art, is an important source of information because it identifies the popular clothing design. The decorating style reflects the handmade work including styles for both men and women. Unlike today fashion, men’s clothing resembled a lady’s dress with a hemline just above the knee. Socks leveled the knee with an affixed tassel. Robbed in custom made cloaks and capes that drape the body, men’s fashion marked a powerful statement. Designed differently quickly identified position, kings, lords, nobles, knights and peasants. Nonetheless, clothing was warm and comfortable and always suited for battle. It appears the fashion design switched because currently lady’s garments resemble the men of the medieval era. Yet during that period, lady’s gothic robes swept the floor surrounded with a matching scarf and cape. The chosen cloth, whether for men or women, usually radiant in color, portrayed the crafty work prepared by selected seamstress (Bednarz, Miyares, Schug, amp; White, 2006). My love, words are too vague to put into picture the beauty of these incredible clothing. Just like the clothing, the characteristics of military during the Battle of Hastings, differed from current warfare. Soldiers dressed in heavy attire such as chains, helmets, and plated armor. This warfare excluded guns such as AK47 assault rifles and shot-guns; after all, these inventions waited discovery. Even gun power evaded battle as it too had not surfaced the scene. (Bednarz et al, (2006) found that soldiers exercise care when using axes, bows, daggers, knives, and swords that displayed crafty skills. Some of these weapons reminded you of the Musketeers as seen on television. Additionally, no tanks or motor vehicles dominated the conflict. Military used horses or foot soldiers to maneuver the terrain to conquer in battle Now after a review at all that transpired, let me share my opinion. The Bayeux Tapestry demonstrated disarmament yet unity. Both King Harold II and Duke William II engaged in actions to reduce the English supply of manpower and weapon to achieve power which paints the disarmament. The political system did not symbolize a hierarchy or central government. Sometimes the less powerful acquired land in return for military favors thus obtaining influence beyond measure. As a result, many revolved to the Roman Catholic Church or military leaders for guidance. Imagine me as the authoritative leader. I would have entered into battle just as King Harold II and Duke William II. After all each presented justification for their action. I too find is necessary to fight for what I believe is rightfully mine. Trust me, should the occasion arise, I will fight to the bitter end to defend us. Additionally the Bayeux Tapestry expresses unity. Seamstress harmonized while working converting a simple cloth into a living document. Eventually life improved, incomes increased and with these changes, individuals became less dependent on church or military. Just as today, individual moved to larger townships or established new ones resulting in a modern society. Well Tyren, it is late, I finished this homework assignment and now I am retiring to bed; pleasant dreams. Love you. Sincerely yours, Tanika Ross Loving Wife References Bednarz, S. W, Miyares, I. M. , Schug, M. C. , amp; White, C. S. (2006),

Reading response of the reading women's Sexuality Essay

Reading response of the reading women's Sexuality - Essay Example The societal forces vary from distorting the possible options to the significant physical enslavement. Lesbian existence cannot be exclusively blamed on the mothering role of women. The forces tend to dispute the fact that compulsory heterosexuality is just but a phenomenon. The societal forces gain their ground from the male-identified society. Male power in the modern society enforces heterosexuality and result to sexual inequality. The power of men in the society has the ability to; Male power is able to manifest itself through the societal forces to restrain a significant counter-force. Lesbianism would sprout from women’s innate reproductive orientation towards their young. Male power is able to counter acts of lesbianism; to ensure that men are viewed as the appropriate partners. The dominance of male power provides the foundation towards morals of sexuality. Young boys and girls are taught to honour their roles in the society. There is a clear demarcation between their roles as future elders. They should respect their innate orientations. High school students are mature enough to recognize their reproductive functions. They ought to respect that a family consists of a father, mother and children. Two people of the same sex cannot bring forth a child. In as much as there are calls for gender equality in the contemporary world, societal forces should never be distorted to allow for sexual

Elevator pitch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Elevator pitch - Essay Example The government will profit when the Americans spend more money in the country. Everything comes down to creating employment and employment can be created should the government support small scale industries. Small scale industries are more than capable of creating a plethora of jobs. This is how one initiative by the government can change the fortune of the nation. The economy of America is yet to recover from the recent setbacks, it is important for it to recover only then will more jobs be created and more Americans will get employed. Structural troubles are haunting the economy, the housing trouble for instance which was also the main reason for the recent recession impacted the economy of America severely. Americans who had borrowed money to buy houses failed to return that money to the banks as a result of which there was very little liquidity and the economy was greatly affected. â€Å"Uncertainty is natural, of course. The future is always uncertain. But there is good uncertainty and bad uncertainty, much as there is good cholesterol and bad cholesterol. Good uncertainty, for example, presents opportunities for profit. Bad uncertainty arises largely when investors and entrepreneurs have very real questions about the consequences of government policy.† (Promoting Job Creation) To conclude it is very fair to say that the government has to take initiatives and create jobs for the unemployed Americans and this will only happen when the economy of America recovers from the recent setbacks. Hopefully it will happen soon and the unemployment rate will be under control once

Lobbying in Alcohol Industry Essay Example for Free

Lobbying in Alcohol Industry Essay 1. Alcohol industry in EU The economic role of the alcoholic drinks industry is considerable in many European countries. Alcohol excise duties in the EU15 countries amounted to â‚ ¬25 billion in 2001, excluding sales taxes and other taxes paid within the supply chain – although â‚ ¬1.5 billion is given back to the supply chain through the Common Agricultural Policy. Due to the relative inelasticity of the demand for alcohol, the average tax rates are a much better predictor of a government’s tax revenue than the level of consumption in a country. 1.1 Alcohol and the economy of Europe Europe plays a central role in the global alcohol market, acting as the source of a quarter of the world’s alcohol and over half of the world’s wine production. Trade is even more centred on Europe, with70% of alcohol exports and just under half of the world’s imports involving the European Union (EU). Although the majority of this trade is between EU countries, the trade in alcohol contributes around â‚ ¬9billion to the goods account balance for the EU as a whole. Price differences play more of a role in the level of legitimate cross-border shopping, where individuals legally bring back alcohol with them from cheaper countries. At least 1 in 6 tourists returns from trips abroad with alcoholic drinks, carrying an average of over 2 litres of pure alcohol per person in several countries. The economic role of the alcoholic drinks industry is considerable in many European countries. Alcohol is also associated with a number of jobs, including over three-quarters of a million in drinks production (mainly wine). Further jobs are also related to alcohol elsewhere in the supply chain, e.g. in pubs or shops. However, the size of the industry is not necessarily a good guide to the economic impact of alcohol policies – for example, trends in alcohol consumption show no crude correlation with trends in the number of jobs in associated areas such as hotels, restaurants, and bars, suggesting that the effect of changes in consumption may be relatively weak. A reduction in spending on alcohol would also be expected to free consumer funds to be spent on other areas, with the economic impact depending on the exact nature of the new expenditure. While further research needs to be done on this issue, current evidence from alcohol and other sectors suggests that declining consumption may not necessarily lead to job losses in the economy as a whole. Based on a review of existing studies, the total tangible cost of alcohol to EU society in 2003 was estimated to be â‚ ¬125bn (â‚ ¬79bn-â‚ ¬220bn), equivalent to 1.3% GDP, which is roughly the same value as that found recently for tobacco. The intangible costs show the value people place on pain, suffering and lost life that occurs due to the criminal, social and health harms caused by alcohol. In 2003 these were estimated to be â‚ ¬270bn, with other ways of valuing the same harms producing estimates between â‚ ¬150bn and â‚ ¬760bn. While these estimates consider a number of different areas of human life where alcohol has an impact, there are several further areas where no estimate has been made as it was impossible to obtain data. Similarly, while the estimates take into account the benefits of alcohol to health systems and loss of life (valued intangibly), there is no research that would enable the other social benefits to be evaluated. 1.1 The use of alcohol in Europe The EU is the heaviest drinking region of the world, although the 11 litres of pure alcohol drunk per adult each year is still a substantial fall from a recent peak of 15 litres in the mid-1970s. The last 40 years has also seen a harmonization in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Most Europeans drink alcohol, but 55 million adults (15%) abstain; taking this and unrecorded consumption into account, the consumption per drinker reaches 15 litres per year. Just under half of this alcohol is consumed in the form of beer (44%), with the rest divided between wine (34%) and spirits (23%). Within the EU15, northern and central parts drink mainly beer, while those in southern Europe drink mainly wine (although Spain may be an exception). This is a relatively new phenomenon, with a harmonization visible over the past 40 years in the EU15. Around 40% of drinking occasions in most of the EU15 involve consuming alcohol with the afternoon/evening meal, although those in southern Europe are much more likely to drink with lunch than elsewhere. While the level of daily drinking also shows a north—south gradient, non-daily frequent consumption (i.e. drinking several times a week but not every day) seems to be more common in central Europe, and there is evidence for a recent harmonization within the EU15. While 266 million adults drink alcohol up to 20g (women) or 40g (men) per day, over 58 million adults (15%) consume above this level, with 20 million of these (6%) drinking at over 40g (women) or 60g per day(men). Looking at addiction rather than drinking levels, we can also estimate that 23 million Europeans (5% of men, 1% of women) are dependent on alcohol in any one year. In every culture ever studied, men are more likely than women to drink at all and to drink more when they do, with the gap greater for riskier behaviour. Although many women give up alcohol when pregnant, a significant number (25%-50%) continue to drink, and some continue to drink to harmful levels. Patterns in drinking behaviour can also be seen for socio-economic status(SES), where those with low SES are less likely to drink alcohol at all. Despite a complex picture for some aspects of drinking (with some measures showing opposite trends for men and women), getting drunk and becoming dependent on alcohol are both more likely among drinkers of lower SES. Every country in the European Union (EU) has a number of laws and other policies that set alcohol apart from other goods traded in its territory, often for reasons of public health. Despite the ubiquity of alcohol policies, just under half the EU countries still do not have an action plan or coordinating body for alcohol. Even so, most countries have programmes for one aspect of alcohol policy, of which school-based education programmes are the most common throughout Europe. All countries also have some form of drink-driving restrictions, with everywhere except the UK, Ireland and Luxembourg having a maximum blood alcohol limit for drivers at the level recommended by the European Commission (0.5g/L). However, many European drivers believe that there is only a slim chance of being detected a third overall believe they will never be breathalyses, although this is lower in countries with random breath testing. Sales of alcohol are generally subject to restrictions in most EU countries, in a few cases through retail monopolies but more often through licences, while the places that alcohol can be sold are frequently restricted. Over one-third of countries (and some regions) also limit the hours of sale, while restrictions on the days of sale or the density of off-premise retailers exist in a small number of countries. All countries prohibit the sale of alcohol to young people beneath a certain age in bars and pubs, although four countries have no policy on the sale of alcohol to children in shops. The cut-off point for allowing sales to young people also varies across Europe, tending to be 18 years in northern Europe and 16 years in southern Europe. Alcohol marketing is controlled to different degrees depending on the type of marketing activity. Television beer adverts are subject to legal restrictions (beyond content restrictions) in over half of Europe, including complete bans in five countries; this rises to 14 countries for bans on spirits adverts. Billboards and print media are subject to less regulation though, with one in three countries (mainly in the EU10) having no controls. Sports sponsorship is subject to the weakest restrictions, with only seven countries having any legal restrictions at all. The taxation of alcoholic beverages is another consistent feature of European countries, although the rates themselves vary considerably between countries. This can be seen clearly for wine, where nearly half the countries have no tax at all, but one in five countries has a tax rate above â‚ ¬1,000, adjusted for purchasing power. In general, the average effective tax rate is highest in northern Europe, and weakest in southern and parts of central and eastern Europe. Four countries have also introduced a targeted tax on alcopops since 2004, which appears to have reduced alcopops consumption since. When the different policy areas are combined into a single scale, the overall strictness of alcohol policy ranges from 5.5 (Greece) to 17.7 (Norway) out of a possible maximum of 20, with an average of 10.8. The least strict policies are in southern and parts of central and eastern Europe, and the highest in northern Europe – but the scores do not all decrease from north to south, as seen in the high score in France. This picture of alcohol policy is very different from the one visible fifty years ago, with the overall levels of policy now much closer together, largely due to the increased level of policy in many countries, particular in the area of drink-driving where all countries have a legal limit. Marketing controls, minimum ages to buy alcohol, and public policy structures to deliver alcohol policy are also much more common in 2005 than in 1950. Main interest groups in the industry and their leader in lobbying activities Eurocare: Who we are and what we do Eurocare, is an alliance of around 50 voluntary and non-governmental organizations across Europe created in 1990, working on the prevention and reduction of alcohol-related harm2 . One of the main goals is to promote the prevention of alcohol-related harm in European Union decision-making; this is achieved by monitoring all EU level policy initiatives, and carrying out advocacy campaigns directed at the European Commission (EC) and the European Parliament (EP) to ensure that alcohol issues are included in relevant policy discussions. The catalyst of our work in recent years (and the concrete result of fifteen years of lobbying) has been the â€Å"EU Strategy to Support Member States in Reducing Alcohol Related Harm†, published by the Directorate General for Health and Consumer Protection (DG Sanco) of the European Commission in October 20063. A cornerstone of this strategy is the recently launched Alcohol and Health Forum, a multistakeholder platform bringing together the industry and well as NGOs4 pledging to commit to concrete actions to reducing alcohol-related harm. The cross-sectoral nature of alcohol policy includes the Television Without Frontiers Directive (concerned with young people’s exposure to alcohol advertising), Minimum Excise Duties (a report from the EP proposed to scrap these in order to avoid cross border trade and smuggling), and Labeling (the EC is to present a draft Directive on labeling at the end of the year).For Eurocare, lobbying on alcohol presents several difficulties: first the EU has limited competence to legislate in the domain of public health5. DG Sanco’s Alcohol Strategy is thus useful for advocacy in Member States; at EU level, it has allowed alcohol to secure a place on the political agenda, despite being weakened by the influence of the Commission’s more powerful â€Å"big brothers† (DG Trade, DG Market, DG Agriculture, etc.) (Ulstein 2006). Second, at European level, the aim of reducing alcohol-related harm is competing against other strong public health discourses for example in the field of tobacco, nutrition and physical activity, the latter exemplified in the EU Platform for Diet, Physical Activity and Health on which the Alcohol and Health Forum is modeled. Roizen and Fillmore (2000) articulate this from the researchers’ perspective, but it is also true for advocates that â€Å"our consumerist or dangerous-commodity orientation to alcohol (†¦) obliges us to compete in a public-health-information-offering market place already crowded with health warnings of many kinds†. The specificities of alcohol serve to further complicate the picture; parallels with tobacco or junk food are obvious: indisputable public health burdens; links with social inequalities, and of course, powerful industries. What sets alcohol apart though, is the highly problematic, misunderstood and misused evidence on the â€Å"benefits of alcohol consumption†; like it or not, the â€Å"ambiguous molecule† alcohol forms an integral part of most cultures across Europe, â€Å"causing deaths while saving lives, inflicting pain while producing pleasure† The alcohol industry: no ordinary stakeholder The alcohol industry is undeniably a rival voice in the political process of â€Å"weighing up the evidence†; a strong economic asset, with increasingly visible corporate social responsibility policies, the industry represents a valid stakeholder. Alcohol producers unite underâ€Å"legitimate fronts† through social aspects (SA) organisations6, such as the International Centre for Alcohol Policies (ICAP) or the European Forum For Responsible Drinking (EFRD), both of which are participating in the Commission’s Alcohol and Health Forum. Under these banners, research, policy analysis and of course, lobbying are carried out: in fact, it has not been uncommon to find such groups walking the same corridors of power as ourselves. To the layperson, the â€Å"research† and â€Å"policy analysis† (e.g.: ICAP Blue Book) carried out by these organisations may appear methodologically sound, and conclusive, and the (simplistic) models as comprehensive and logical. For example, that â€Å"patterns of drinking are the best way to understand the place of alcohol in society†; that â€Å"targeted interventions are most sensitive to cultural differences†, and that â€Å"partnerships offer the best opportunities to develop policies†. Funnily enough â€Å"Drinking in Context: Patterns, Interventions and Partnerships†, an ICAP collaborative publication (Stimson et al. 2006) was recently publicised at a lunch meeting held in the European Parliament, hosted by German MEP Renate Sommer. Staff from the Eurocare Secretariat attended this lunch; the event was reminiscent of the spirit of the film â€Å"Thank You For Smoking†8; a sequel named â€Å"Thank You For Drinking† should be considered, and would be highly entertaining. This example highlights the tensions involved in the political process, and how apparently sound and legitimate evidence can be put forward by the industry, in order to counter what is regarded by the public health community as â€Å"legitimate† evidence. When the Institute of Alcohol Studies published the Alcohol in Europe report, the British Beer and Pub Association (also participating in the Alcohol and Health Forum) attempted to undermine its scientific objectivity by â€Å"denouncing† vested interests, namely, links to temperance; they likened this to â€Å"vegetarians writing a report about the benefits of eating meat†. The EFRD’s view (in Baumberg Anderson 2007) was that those advocating a stronger EU alcohol strategy â€Å"had a biased view of the evidence base†. It is precisely through the use of â€Å"evidence† and their engagement in research, policy analysis and lobbying (activities mirroring our own work) that the industry tries to secure a place at the policy table, which may be potentially difficult for the public health community to fight off. The WHO (2007) stresses the â€Å"importance of the participation of civil society organisations without the conflict of interests in alcohol policy development, as a counter influence to the vested trade interests, which might otherwise dominate political decision making†.

Mountain Biking Essay -- Observation Essays, Descriptive Essays

Mountain Biking I have come to love bicycles in the course of the past year. I am especially fond of mountain bikes, including my own. Riding it opens up a whole new world of opportunities and challenges for me. I am still fairly fresh to the whole mountain biking scene, so I push myself to become better with more experience. Riding is an outlet; it is something I can channel pent up energy through. I love the sport because it is a full body, soul, and mind experience that affects all five of the senses. I see the bike. I notice its worn, but once clean and pristine frame that beckons me to ride. Its sharp, bright colors are like a simple painting, only on aluminum, not canvas. Its aggressive look tells me that I can ride with authority and do what I want on the bike. It inspires more confidence in my head than I will actually have on the trail. I walk over touch the bike. I place my hands on the handlebars and feel the soft and sticky texture of the grips. I push down on the handlebars a few times to remember the plush shock in front that is like a little angel o...

Application of the PRECEDE PROCEED Model to Fit Kids Fit Families FKFF Youth Physical Activity Campaign Essay

Obesity among American youths has become a national epidemic. Both developed and developing nations face a crisis of rising trends of obesity and overweight among adolescent youths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). Approximately 10 % of school children are overweight with US alone reporting 25 % of overweight children while 11 % of them are obese (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). Preliminary data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES), strong evidence of overeight and obesity is linked to increased mortality and morbidity in United States. Likewise, Houston Department of Health and Human Sciences reports that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among youths of ages 14-18 is 34.4 % compared to the Hispanic youths of 37 % and African American at 23.5 % of similar age group (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). As such, the Fit Kids Fit Families has launched a national social marketing to provide awareness of physica l activity as a preventive measure of obesity and overweight. Fit Kids Fit Families group was founded in 2003, purposefully for promoting optimal weight and improving life quality among the African American people. The FKFF has selected activity as the target behaviour with the middle school youths as the target audience. The group mimics the PRECEDE-PROCEED model in several ways to provide physical activity intervention. As such, this paper describes the efforts of the group within the context of PRECEDE-PROCEED model as described by Green and Kreuter (2005). Phase 1: Quality of Life Diagnosis Youths suffer numerous consequences of obesity due to increased overweight and obesity. Polhamus, Dalenius, Thompson, Scanlon, Borland, Smith & Grummer- Strawn, (2003) writes that the excess body calories are converted into fats and finally stored in adipose tissue thus accumulates in the body of the youth. The individual is likely to develop a poor big body due to additional weight that adds more flesh. The children suffering from obesity are at risk of contacting multiple adverse health complications, some of which are fatal. Previous studies observe that high blood pressure while childhood is a weak predictor of premature death; however, high cholesterol had no relationship with early bereavement. Besides, health experts admit that factors causing obesity and high cholesterol were easier to control through exercise and medication. Researchers have identified children as the rapidly growing demographic in the global overweight population. For instance, approximately 31.9 percent of African American youths in have body indices that categorize them as overweight. Also, Polhamus et al. (2003) reports that 12 percent of obese people are likely to suffer from anxiety, impaired social interaction 17 %, and depression 34 %. Phase 2: Epidemiological Diagnosis The challenge of overweight and obesity epidemic is not limited to concerns about weight and bulk. According to Polhamus et al. (2003), 7 % of cases of obesity have resulted into disabilities through physiologic and psychological points of view. The increased waist to hip girth ratio is linked to increased risk of hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension. Likewise, obesity and overweight has been related to elevated risk of cancer, sleep apnea, musculoskeletal disorders, gallbladder disease, diverticulitis, and intracranial hypertension. Research shows that the prevalence of obesity among American youths has increased from 5 % to 12.4 % in this time period and the age group of 14 – 18 years it has increased from 6.4 % to 17 % (CDC, 2009). From the viewpoint of health, 20 % of youths have been reported to exhibit clinical obesity and overweight characteristics. Phase 3: Behavioural and Environmental Diagnosis In December 2014, NHANES provided FKFF with summary of current data to assist them narrow to the target behaviour and audience for social marketing intervention. Therefore, FKFF decided to prevent obesity among youths that were segmented into pre-school, middle school, elementary school, and high school. Since obesity has numerous environmental and behavioural determinants and because appropriate interventions may differ between the groups, it was significant to narrow the focus. Data presented by NHANES provides that 15.3 % of pre-school, 13.9 % of elementary school, 22.8% of middle school and 13.6% of high school youths are either slightly overweight or overweight. Also, 12.5 % of pre-school, 15.9 % of elementary school, 3.2 % of middle school and 10.5 % of high school youths are extremely overweight or overweight Polhamus et al. (2003) reports. Because the FKFF was aware that they would be using social marketing for obesity prevention, the information concerning developmental and cognitive characteristics of every age group assisted in narrowing to the high school as the target group.Further, FKFF chose physical activity as the target behaviour. The potential behavioural objectives were based on the objects set by health People 2010 related to physical activity. According to Health people 2010, national behavioural objectives of physical activity were to increase the youth proportion that participates in moderate physical activity for at least 30 minutes, 3-5 times a week. Secondly, it aimed to increase the proportion of youths engaging in vigorous physical activity that promotes cardiorespiratory fitness 4-5 times a week for 20 minutes per occasion. Lastly, Healthy People 2010 supports the increase in proportion of adolescent that participate in daily school physical education. The FKFF underwent formal environmental diagnosis in where the community researchers collected data to determine places youth say they participate in physical activity. Phase 4: Educational Diagnosis Green et al. (2005) described that enabling factors, predisposing factors, and reinforcing factors are the three major broad categories of factors influencing health behavior. The predisposing factors include motivation, desire for competition, parents and peers. Likewise, the barriers to physical activity included poor body image and desire not to mess up makeup hair. The influencing enabling factors included the availability of facilities and the opportunity to showcase talent while barriers of enabling factors were homework and V and computer games. Lastly, influencers of the reinforcing factors were active people on TV and peers while the barriers included self-concept and poor body image. Phase 5 & 6: Policy and Administration Diagnosis and Implementation The goal of intervention alignment is to try and fit the components of intervention program with various micro and macro-ecological levels of community. The key terms in this PRECEDE-PROCEED model are mapping. Matching, pooling, and patching where the ecological levels are matched to intervention components, where evidence is lacking, interventions that show promise are patched to fill the gaps, practice-based intervention programs are mapped to health problem determinants and evidence-based intervention are pooled and reviewed (Polhamus, Dalenius, Thompson, Scanlon, Borland, Smith & Grummer- Strawn, 2003). Therefore, the FKFF pooled and reviewed numerously existing physical intervention programs. The administrative assessment includes resource assessment needed to implement the program, incorporating timeline developmental and budget. FKFF personnel reviewed the steps of community –based prevention marketing and communicated time involved in the development of evidence-based intervention. Likewise, the committee prepared a one-year budget with consultation from the healthy people department. The appraisal of the organization implementing the program highlighted the commitment of FKFF consistency in obesity intervention program. The scorecard pilot program of FKFF is in the beginning stages of implementation. The members of the group continue to actively recruit members who will in turn provide incentives for youth to participate in physical activity through the reduced cost programs. www.fkff.com has been developed to provide information to the youth. Also, the local radio network has ben contacted for media coverage of the program. Finally, YMCA locations are set for free in the country to promote cool, fun opportunities for youths to be active. Recently, FKFF staffed fresh graduates from universities to provide a cool appearance and direct the youth fun and creative activities as well as providing ideas on creating fun without sports equipment. The programs for local events are underway with the recreation and parks department commencing the summer scorecard with youth beach run. Phases 7, 8, & 9—Process, Impact, and Outcome Evaluation The quantitative component of the evaluation seeks to provide answers for number of youths recruited, website hits, and youths registered, local events, and youths that participated in the grand finale. The group designed impact evaluation to determine if the behavioural objectives set are being met and will consist of the qualitative component. Impact evaluation addresses the level of a moderate increase in moderate and vigorous physical activity among the youths. Likewise, it will determine the level of physical education among the youths. This provides the achievements of health objective through quantitative measures. This provides answers for decrease or increase of risk for overweight among the youths. The baseline data obtained from the Healthy People 2010 will be used to conduct a follow-up on particular youths for the program.ConclusionThe PRECEDE-PROCEED model adopted by Fit Kids Families First in designing the obesity prevention intervention is beneficial for summarizing t he work done and insert what might have been done within the PRECEDE-PROCEED model framework. In particular, the explicit priority and objective setting was an essential proponent of the model. The model further assisted in determining the facets of the program evaluation. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). Obesity campaign overview. Retrieved April 16, 2006, from http://www.cdc.gov/youthcampaign/overview.htm.Green, L.W., & Kreuter, M.W. (2005). Health program planning: An educational and ecological approach (4Th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Polhamus, B., Dalenius, K., Thompson, D., Scanlon, K., Borland, E., Smith, B., & Grummer- Strawn, L. (2003). Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance 2001 Report. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved March 2004 from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/pdf/2001_ped_nutrition_report.pdf. Source document

The process of developing and designing products

The process of developing and designing products has taken a sharp change in the last couple of years. Companies are being pushed by demanding global customers and are being challenged by rapid change of technology. Manufacturers have had to increase the speed of design cycles while at the same time cut the cost of development and manufacture. They must ensure the product takes full advantage of the latest and best technology. Leading companies have found that obstacles in the market today are far too rigorous to overcome on their own. This process of design and development of products has never been so competitive and daunting. However, it is more critical for future success. The Success of modern day companies is due to help from a resource that has been present since the early days of the company. The answer is suppliers. In some industries suppliers are taking on responsibility for designing parts, components, materials, assemblies, and even complete systems for automobiles, computers and other products. Leading manufacturers are using their supply bases as a key element of their product design strategies, and it’s paying off in a big way. In other words the old saw â€Å"Slow and sure wins the race† no longer holds. Speed is competitive edge today s business needs to succeed. Including suppliers in the manufacturing process adds to the clock-speed of a company. The Honda Motor Company is one such company that has recognized this need for speed and has thus adjusted its production to accommodate. The Honda Motor Company is one of the world s most well known producers of motor vehicles. The Company itself is based in Japan, but it had branches all over the world. From a simple start, Honda has grown to one of the world s most successful motoring companies, selling products in almost 200 countries. Honda has set new standards in vehicle production and design. From the Civic to ongoing participation in automotive racing, Honda s spirit of challenge and commitment forms the basis for every Honda project. Honda’s new â€Å"world platform† strategy will produce four variants of the new mid-size Accord platform. Honda s Research and development team found that the easiest way of producing their most popular make of car, the Accord, was to produce a world platform. This platform is an Accord chassis around which different accord bodies are built. For example; The Accord built for America will be larger than the one built in Japan because there is a market for larger cars. The one built in Europe will narrower so that it may compete with other cars on the European market. Essentially the Accord platform is universal. The car s appearance changes due to its location around the world. Accords will be produced in 11 and sold in 100 countries.

Movie Analization

Movie Analization Introduction Many people consider movies as paramount features that add value to life. Movies serve to entertain human beings and perhaps educate them on certain issues in life. They therefore serve as tools for entertainment, enlightening and disseminating people. After work or during free time such as weekends and holidays, people enjoy watching movies as a form of leisure. However, the art of movie watching depends on one’s perception and the ability to make meaning out of a movie.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Movie Analization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, depending on one’s perception and art of viewing, the moving image within a movie can entertain, educate or inform. The moving camera is also paramount in giving meaning of the movie to the audience. In most cases, a positive perception towards movies helps the audience to understand the elements of film production hence, analyze it. For example, an informed awareness instills dexterity and background instructions as ingredients of film understanding. In addition to entertainment and education, critical and conscientious film watching is vital when it comes to creating awareness on what is happening in the society and the world at large. It is important to note that viewing a movie not only lifts up a person’s celluloid experience, but also enable persons to understand the complexity, dense language, principles, cryptograms, and signs cinematic attributes exhibited during viewing. Thus, for a person to analyze a movie effectively, he or she must understand these elements on top of reading some facets of cinematography and familiarizing with the terms used in order to comprehend the film language-one of the prerequisite of movie analysis. This will stimulate thought as regard to the film, hence making the viewers cinematically literate. Most importantly, with an informed awareness, every viewer can interpret and analyze a film without any complication (Boggs Petrie, 2008, pp.1-5). Analyzing an Entire Movie The art of film analysis involves many features and not just sections in a movie. Thus, a movie analyzer should devote much time in order to do an effective movie analysis. Before engaging in the movie analysis process, an analyzer should read the synopsis of the movie to understand its progress and development. The synopsis is fundamental in that it helps the analyzer to know the topic of the movie, the actors involved, and successive developments. To start with, it is better to define to understand the meaning of movie analysis. Movie analysis involves breaking up the entire movie into numerous sections aimed at ascertaining the scenery, proportion, purpose, and correlation of the scenes. Each movie has its own plot as designed by the director or cinematographer. However, the plot cannot make the film entertaining or educative without good action. Actors are the one who give meaning to the plot of the movie. For instance, the critique emotions and moods of the actors are potential ingredients that add vitality to the plot hence, success of the movie.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Without further deliberation, the art of film watching calls for decisive analytical approach in order to understand the plot of the movie. In addition, this analytical approach enables the audience to understand the fundamental elements of cinematography. Thus, movie analysis entails prior pertinent preparation aimed at understanding the rationale of the movie and an inquisitive thought of adjudicating the basic elements, which compose the movie. Ordinarily, the credibility of analyzing a movie lies in the question â€Å"how†. Additionally, part of the movie evaluation involves proper deliberation on the role of music and other special effec ts as elements that compose the movie. For example, illumination, actors, colors, locale, wardrobe, and frame composition are some of the elements behind film production (Boggs Petrie, 2008, p.6). Thus, in order to do an explicit movie analysis, an analyzer must be in a position to comprehend the talent and delirium of various actors, the roles played by producers and directors, the reason of using different types of costumes, and the inclusion of makeup artists or actors. For instance, if a viewer is in a position to combine these elements, the probability of divulging the theme of the movie is high. Nonetheless, what matters most in the art of film watching is the end as it is vital in laying out the theme of the movie. There are certain times when viewers fail completely to understand the entire movie. They therefore cannot analyze the movie. However, to arrive at the first-pace action, producers must first focus on the plot making it hard for viewers to comprehend the movie eas ily. However, repeated watching of the movie institutes impressions of the plot, and as time goes by, viewers are in a position to depict the mood and theme of the movie. For instance, if actors are acting a movie titled â€Å"Life†, laughter and emotions are imperative in order to furnish meaning to the plot. Below are steps for analyzing the entire movie (Boggs Petrie, 2008, p.7). Efficacy of Dialogue and Storyline The efficacy of storyline and dialogue are imperative elements when it comes to movie analysis.Many movie analyzers tend to forget the role of a screenwriter and instead, focus on the roles played by actors and producers. On the other hand, they should understand that screenwriters as chief architects of the movie may choose to acclimatize a book and abrogate it to script form or write an original story for action. Whichever the way, viewers should be in a position to identify minutiae of dialogue and plotlines. For instance, research shows that a flourishing mo vie script characterizes with authentic dialogue and scenarios easily manageable by artists and actors.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Movie Analization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, most screenwriters use full of personal obscenities and thoughts easily understood by viewers. Thus, part of the analysis entails establishing dialogue honesty and the flow of scenes in a logical manner. Furthermore, the scenes must remain on the storyline. Background and Set Pieces In order to understand thebackground and set pieces of a movie, it is paramount to interpret the role of movie directors. These are the one responsible in building the ambiance of the movie. Thus, when a person decides to analyze a movie, he or she must first examine the color of the panorama, costumes and sets. During this time, the analyzer will assume that actors and dialogue do not exist- at least for a moment. This is because color, costumes and sets develop the mood and atmosphere of the movie. Good movies have excellent backgrounds that add vitality to scenes without overwhelming the movie. On the contrary, poor cinematography leads to anachronism and inadvertent focus. Individual Performance of Actors This is also another important aspect of interpreting a movie. Before analyzing a movie, it is important to know what actors who are not in the main action do. For instance, good actors are those who understand their roles especially in generating the plot of the movie. For example, a character acting as villain should exhibit redoubtable opposition to the one portraying intrepidness. Thus, an analyzer should ask whether these actors play their roles effectively to attract other actors who will counter them. Editing of the Movie A number of literature materials on movie analysis indicate thatexcellent movies are the one manufactured or those that start from editing houses. This is true because there are so many excellent movies that have become poor due to poor editing. For instance, these movies have their storyline cut or scenes that deny forward plot. Thus, when analyzing a movie, one should consider the flow of scenes in reference to the storyline. Fabulously edited movies do not confuse the audience, as there is a systematic forward plot from one scene to another (Boggs Petrie, 2008, pp.14-134). As depicter earlier, movie directors play a significant role in film production. Nevertheless, directors should be in apposition to comprehend the thoughts of the screenwriter, and at the same time, the competence and skills of actors and other persons involved in film production.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, when analyzing a movie, it is important to inquire from the director on how he or she arrived at the actors and their reputation. The analyzer should also examine contributions from the director especially on edgy dialogue, signature elements, the milieu of music, and other perspectives such as photography angles. Finding and Interpreting Meaning in Movies When it comes to movie analysis, the difficult part is finding and interpreting meaning in a movie. This area has also attracted a lot of criticism regarding the modalities of finding and interpreting meaning in movies. Nonetheless, this depends on how one view a movie, entertaining, educative or something else. For example, there are people who believe movies are for entertainment purposes only while some believe that movies can educate people on culture, economics and politics. However, the truth of the matter is movies are substantially real phenomena, which portray something. Movies have great impact on people’s l ives especially on historical and social realities. Thus, the theme of a film can influence people perform social, political and economic duties. Nonetheless, this cannot happen minus first finding and interpreting the meaning of a movie. The meaning in a movie can vary from one viewer to another depending on interpretation. Research shows that there are four levels of meaning in a movie, which help people in finding and interpreting meaning in a movie (Perkins, 1990, pp. 1-6). The first level of meaning in movie analysis is referential meaning. The plot summary differs from one movie to another. This makes viewers to come up with different interpretations based on individual ability to identify the fundamental elements that make up the movie. For instance, in the film, Wizard of Oz, tornado knocks a young girl only to wake up in a supernatural world named Oz. This means that she has one option and that is making new friends who will show her the Wizard; the only friend who will ret urn her back home. Thus, the plot summary helps one to find and interpret the meaning in a movie. Secondly, we have the explicit meaning, which comprises the message in the film. In order to understand the meaning of a film, it is imperative to familiarize with the context of the movie. The context of the movie helps viewers to understand the plot summary and the developments happening from one scene to another. Thus, explicit meaning in movie analysis tries to answer the â€Å"how question† and then â€Å"why subject†. Thirdly, we have implicit meaning level that represents the factual interpretation of a movie. The implicit meaning goes beyond explicit meaning pending the fact that every viewer interprets a movie differently. Furthermore, viewers can use the move to refer to their own life and make informed decisions. For instance, in the film Wizard of Oz, young adults are acquainted on the dangers of indiscipline and rebellion. The last level under this discussion is symptomatic meaning, which explains the social ideology that characterizes the movie. In addition, it also explains the cultural ambience of people living in a certain place at a particular time. This can make viewers strive to work hard and become prosperous or continue celebrating their cultural diversity (Nowlan, 2002, p.1). Personal Criteria for Evaluating Movies People have different criteria of analyzing movies depending on their perceptions. Perhaps this is the reason why a particular movie can have numerous interpretations. Nevertheless, if analyzers understand the synopsis and other elements of movie analysis, it is likely that interpretations will appear similar to certain extent. According to my view of movie analysis, genre plays an imperative tool in movie analysis. I am conversant with many genres, which I apply in evaluating movies that I enjoy watching. In particular, I enjoy watching science, horror, drama and comedy genres and love evaluating them using their sy nopsis. I have different approaches in evaluating each of these. For instance, in evaluating a science fiction, I emphasize on the projected realism in order to find meaning. Thus, taking a real worldview enables me to interpret and analyze science movies easily. The same case applies to fictional genres where human beings change into dogs or objects. In most cases, I assume that magic world does not exist and instead dwell on magic free world. As for comedies-dumb and smart, my criterion of interpretation is simple, that is, they must make me laugh for me to make meaning out of them. For example, comedies like Greedy, While You Were Sleeping and Clue always make me laugh, and by this, I find myself in a position to evaluate them. Other criteria I use in evaluating movies include reading the screenplay, taking copious notes, summarizing ideas, spotting the pros and cons, digesting the meaning, and finally making a critical appraisal. I also examine the title of the movie in real lif e situation and relate it to what happens in the society. In general, my criteria of evaluating movies lie in the synopsis of the movie and the elements of movie analysis such as plot, actors, set pieces, and many more. Conclusion People do movie analysis for different reasons. To others, movie analysis helps them to understand movies better, while to others, movie analysis educates. Thus, it greatly depends on a personal view on movies and its significance to self. Reference List Boggs, M. J. Petrie, W.D. (2006). The Art of Watching Film. (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers. Nowlan, B. (2002). Interpreting Film: Meaning and Representation, Culture and Politics, the Truman Show and Stranger with a Camera. Web. Perkins, V. (1990). Must We say What They Mean?: Film Criticism and Interpretation. Movie, 34(5). 1-6.

International Operations and Risk Management of Brewin Dolphin Plc Essay

International Operations and Risk Management of Brewin Dolphin Plc - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Brewin Dolphin Plc has over 35 offices in the U.K and the Eire region. The company remains committed to providing expert financial services. Earning the trust of the client through efficient services has remained an important aspect of the company. However, increasing regulatory policies and changing demands and nature of financial services requires Brewin Dolphin to continuously innovate. Brewin Dolphin charges clients on the basis of the value of their services. Following fair and ethical practices in terms of charging prices has remained important for the organization. A personal approach is adopted by the company in providing financial services to the clients. Brewin Dolphin‘s clients also include a number of charitable trusts and non-profit seeking institutions. Brewin Dolphin manages  £ 28 billion worth investments of clients in the U.K and Eire. Since its inception in the British financial sector, the company has been successful at growing r apidly. Moreover, since the market in which the company operates is growth-oriented, it is expected that the firm will be able to grow sufficiently even in the future. Investment management firm in the U.K is seen to grow in size and revenue even though recession had considerably weakened the economy. Post-recession, many firms, and individuals began becoming aware of the fact that securing financial advice and expert management advice was necessary to safeguard wealth. Moreover, the recession had triggered more regulatory practices to be introduced within the industry. Almost 10 to 15 percent of the industry segment is occupied by the portfolio management and investment firms. The major revenue, however, is received from the banking firms which operate in this sector. The investment management firms of the U.K account for earning almost  £ 12 billion on an annual basis. Apart from the steady flow of income, the investment management sector of the U.K also accounts for a significa nt number of job opportunities. The government of the U.K ensures that the investment management sector remains stable. The failure or fall in revenues in this sector directly impacts the overall economy of the nation. Overall, the investment management sector accounts for 1 percent in the overall economy of the U.K.

CHRISTINA GOLD LEADING CHANGE AT WESTERN UNION Research Paper

CHRISTINA GOLD LEADING CHANGE AT WESTERN UNION - Research Paper Example Western Union implemented an organizational change that was targeted to raise the participation of all its employees as well as increase its productivity by enhancing adaptability to the environment. Kotter and Cohen suggest an eight-step model of change that can explain how an organization can change in response to different situations in the market so that it can achieve the intended goal. Christiana Gold, the Chief Executive Officer of Western Union implemented an organizational structure change in the company so that it could enhance the productivity of the company in the market. Through her effort, Gold wanted to ensure that the company can achieve high quality performance in the midst of the different things that happened in the market. While Gold’s plan of implementation of change could be related to Kotter and Cohen’s 8-step model, the plan could have had some differences that could be a different approach that can improve the success of implementation of the ch ange. In the first step where Gold wanted to implement change, she identified the things that needed a change and helped the employees of the company to see the need of the organizational change. ... As in Kotter and Cohen’s 8-step model step three (Daft & Lane, 2008), Gold created a vision of what Western Union would be if the changes in the organizational structure were implemented in the company. She had a vision of the company having a global outlook and she focused on the ways through which different people could enhance the change of mindsets of all employees from a small company kind of company to one which would have a world focus. Through different people with whom she interacted, she communicated the vision, and this received the approval of some leaders at the regional level of organization accepting the new structure and showing positivity. This was regardless of reluctance to change that was witnessed in some leaders in America who could not see the essence of the new structure of organization and perceived it as a threat to their positions (Rowe & Guerrero, 2011). The resistance to change that the different people faced in the implementation of the organizati onal structure change would have been easy to address if Gold had encouraged a broad-based action in which the employees and the leaders in different regions would be able to influence the employees (Daft & Lane, 2008). In this respect, the leaders would make it easy to communicate the changes that she wanted the employees to implement, and this would take a shorter time to achieve goals, as opposed to the style she used when implementing change in America, where regional leaders were reluctant to change. In order to achieve this plan of the company to implement change in the organizational structure, Gold advocated for establishment of offices and leaders in the offices that could steer the new plan of the company.

Character Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Character Analysis - Essay Example The character of juror number 8 can be recognized as a person who is very creative. The name of Juror # 8 is Fonda and he belongs to the field of architecture. The profession he is working in is alone enough to categorize his as a creative individual. This is because in the field of architecture an individual is responsible for designing structures that are physical in nature. Architects are individuals involved in the area of creating buildings and designing homes and they have to be creative in their work in order to create new and improved designs (Puccio 346). Another reasons due to which he can be referred to as a creative individual is that he has tremendous amount of experience in his field. Within the movie he can be witnessed performing various acts that reiterate the fact the he is quite a creative individual. For example while solving the mystery of whether the boy killed his father or not, he develops a blue print of the room in which the father was living. Furthermore, h e even tries to defend the boy my measuring the area that the father had travelled to open the door of his room. Fonda is a person who can be referred to as an individual who prefers making decisions in an ethical manner. There are various theories that help in identifying whether a person and his actions are ethical or unethical. One such theory is the ethical decision making theory of utilitarianism. The theory argues that individuals and their decisions and action can be categorized as ethical if he makes decision while ensuring the his decisions lead to the benefit of the entire society and not just a few members of the society (Puccio 24). If his actions and decisions are considered under the light of utilitarianism, he can be considered as an ethical person. This is because unlike other individuals, he ignored his own self-interest and gave precedence to the interest of the young boy. Due to his action of questioning the

Based on Feminist theory, which may include patriarchy (e.g Assignment

Based on Feminist theory, which may include patriarchy (e.g. MacKinnon; Pateman), the essay is about The pay gap between men and women in Australia) - Assignment Example The gender wage gap is larger for the private sector than the public sector, and it is highest in the health care and social assistance sector. As women grow older, the wage gap also increases. This item is relevant to the study because it provides statistics for existing wage gap differences and where they can be found. It is also linked with other statistics and studies that determines that gender discrimination is the predominant cause of the gender wage gap. Dr. Lena Madesin Phillips established The International Federation of Business and Professional Women (BPW International) in 1930. BPW International is part of international networks of business and professional women with affiliates in 95 countries. This web page offers numerous articles regarding gender pay gap across the world. It shows that Australia’s wage gap is lower than Austria, Germany, and Belgium, but higher than New Zealand and France. Eveline, J., & Todd, P. (2010). Gender mainstreaming: The answer to the gender pay gap? In C.L. Bacchi (Ed.), Mainstreaming politics: Gendering practices and feminist theory (pp.163-190). South Australia: University of Adelaide Press. Eveline and Todd (2010) examined if gender mainstreaming is an effective policy in decreasing wage gaps between men and women. They conducted a systematic review of gender mainstreaming in Australian states. They defined gender mainstreaming as a strategy for embedding gender concerns into studying and developing institutional arrangements, market structure, wage policies, and social norms. They stressed that the application of the enterprise bargaining system since the 1990s worsened gender wage gap in Australia. They noted from their review that gender mainstreaming cannot be effective as a gender wage gap corrector without supporting industrial relations policy changes. This item is relevant to the topic because it studies the effects of gender pay gap in Australia and focuses on the

Security In International Relations

Security In International Relations Security has posed a major cause of concern to many states in the world in the last few decades. Everyday people are faced with tough choices of survival, even more significant ones collectively as a group, as insecurity has plagued eventually every part of the world today. In the whole world, in diverse ways and for many different reasons mankind is faced with a period of terror, torture and destruction and people are killed, starved, raped, imprisoned, displaced etc., with the third world states as the most vulnerable and with little or no hope of stability in the nearest future. Though it may not be at the same ratio, yet it is quite evident year by year as shown by the annual report of the United Nation Development Programme (UNDP). Security studies is the main focus of international relations, as a result of the aftermath of the massacre of the First World War and the urgent need to put a stop to such horrific event from re-occurring again, thus this coined the discipline international relations in 1919. The concept of security is broad but its core objective is to deepen our understanding of it, this simply means that individuals can draw a conclusion(s) from their understanding of what politics means, derived from different approaches or schools of thoughts (Krause and Williams 1997: 111). Security studies is usually associated with threat to survival (Buzan 1991:1), according to (Booth 2005:21), security means, the absence of threats, meaning the possibility of being safe from danger or feeling safe. Yet it is quiet unfortunate as the absence of threat is something that is exaggerated, as security studies recognizes dangers of pandemics like HIV/AIDS, cholera, environmental degradation and even focusing more on matters like war, terrorism, interstate rivalry, patriarchy. All these and more has made security a more topical issue especially since after the Cold war (Alan 2010:2). National security is central as a state determines conditions of security for itself as it is said to be the most important referent, yet states find it difficult coexisting in total peace with one another and this they seek through military might, yet many threats and pandemics are predicted yearly, seeking states attention (Buzan 1991:1). The concept saturates contemporary societies all around the world (Williams 2008:1), it is embedded in the speeches and debates of politicians and regimes, visual pictures in the news, on radio, television and newspapers, all these makes security captivating yet deadly. In social science terms, security can be said to be an essentially contested concept, which means that there is no generally accepted meaning or definition to it (Williams 2008:1, Buzan 1991:7). But for the purpose of public relations, it may mean the alleviation of threats to cherished values, especially to which, if left unchecked, threaten the survival of a particular referent object in the near future (Williams 2008:5), meaning that security is highly political. Therefore security should not be for academic purposes alone as it involves real people, real events and happening in real places (Booths 2007, as cited in Williams 2008:1) to a large extent. Security portrays the worst fears that perpetually reside in the minds of the population. However, it is vital to consider who is secured, who takes security decisions for a state, what should be considered fit for a security agenda and how these security issues should be treated (Williams 2008: 1-9). With the continuous assumptions and studying of the concept of security as a military might, or as to maintain its status quo which is its main focus gradually deepens and broadens it that it blurs its comprehension or meaningless (Alan 2010: 3). Security studies is a wide subject area and have various approaches and perspectives of which one can study it to gain knowledge of the concept. But this work will be looking at the meaning of security, as all step to be more secure creates more room for insecurity and the struggle for survival, even though scholars like Booth (2005: 22) has argued with example of refugees in long-term camps, that security should not be mistaken for or associated with survival because people can and have survived even without necessarily been secured. It will consider if security comprise of freedom from military threat. What are the referent objects of security; the states or its citizens? Despite the contest of security, the basic interest of international relations is to know how the referent objects are threatened and what they do to survive. The aim of this work is also to differentiate between traditional and non-traditional security. And finally, this essay gives an overview of human security, the implementation and its operational impact. Some definitions of security have been proffered by some scholars and I intend looking at a few of them. Security itself is a relative freedom from war, coupled with a relatively high expectation that defeat will not be a consequence of any war that should occur Ian Bellamy, cited in Alan (2010:3). According to Giacomo Luciani, cited in Buzan (1991: 17), National security may be defined as the ability to withstand aggression form abroad. Walter Lippmann defined it as a nation is secure to the extent to which it is not in danger of having to sacrifice core values if it wishes to avoid war, and is able, if challenged, to maintain them by victory in such a war (Buzan 1991:16). Jozsef Balazs says that international security is determined basically by the internal and external security of the various social systems, by the extent, in general, to which system identity depends on external circumstances. Experts generally define social security as internal security. Its essential function is to ensure the political and economic power of a given ruling class or the survival of the social system and an adequate degree of public security (Buzan 1991:16). According to Ayoob (1995:9), security-insecurity is defined in relation to vulnerabilities- both internal and external- that threaten or have the potential to bring down or weaken states structures, both territorial and institutional, and governing regimes. In all the above definitions, the key things emphasized as objectives to states are the protection of the state territory which involves military aggression, values of states against foreign imposition, the timing and the intensity of threats and the political nature of the subject matter (Buzan 1991:18; Booth 2005:23). All these can do more damage than good as it gives off an unnecessary appearance of strength and masculinity which it does not worth. The word security gives an absolute condition of peaceful condition and well-being (Buzan 1991:18). According to (Booths 2005: 22), security is always relative, as it gives individuals or groups some choice to become what they aspire to be, not merely existing on the earth surface. Yet arousing too many unanswered questions; is war the only form of threat common to a state? Is there really security in national security? Who exactly is a secured, particular dominant group or citizens? What right does the state have to implement security values within its state, which may likely extend outside his territory to influence beyond its jurisdiction? These are evident that these definitions are not adequate enough to cover the scope of security, yet notwithstanding provides political power. Even though it has no generally accepted definition, it does not prevent constructive discussion as security depicts the ability of states and individual societies to maintain their substantive identity and functional integrity. However, Booth (2005: 23) introduces his own definition after the consideration of all other definitions; Security in world politics is an instrumental value that enables people(s) some opportunity to choose how to live. It is a means by which individuals and collectivities can invent and reinvent different ideas about being human. In traditional approach, security is perceived as military phenomenon as the military were said to protect its territory from threats posed by other armed forces of other states, as a state and its society can be in their own terms, secure in the political, economic, societal and environmental dimensions, and yet all these accomplishments can be undone by military failure (Buzan 2010b: 35 as cited by Alan 2010:170). Thus, military security was mainly about identifying real and feasible enemies that posed a threat to its state and eliminating them either by acquiring more military might or by entering into alliance or ally with other states to possess the required power or force needed. Meaning that the only way of been secured was through war (Alan 2010:172). For traditional realists where the system is seen as anarchy, states are persuaded to build their military security through their own efforts which may appear threatening to other states in the system, hence sending out negative impression which may cause in a violent reaction in kind, resulting in arms racing with other states, hence creating security dilemma (Alan 2010:173). All the same, states strive to acquire and maintain appropriate military strength as much as it can afford. Yet, acquiring military capability can have consequences that threaten as well as secure a states values (Alan 2012:158). Security is paramount, that explains why government continues to pay much attention even as it is extremely expensive to acquire. However, it is important to know that though security is fundamental, yet its insufficient in giving its citizens the complete sense of security needed as seen in the widespread of wars and the necessary humanitarian interventions predominant in the post-Cold War era. Moreover, most of these wars facing the states today are more internal than external armed forces of foreign states e.g. Nigeria, Syria, Argentina, Greece, Libya, South Korea and many more in very recent decades, mos tly because of high-handed, totalitarian or monarchy regimes ran by rulers of these nations. Ayoob in Krause and Williams (1997:122), argue that many conflicts have been more intrastate since 1945 especially in the Third World where the processes of making a state is not complete or is not as developed as the legitimate states that are present in the industrialised world. And the pressure on the Third World states to mature into legitimate states in the shortest possible time. So the assumptions that states needs to maintain and maximize its own military capabilities to face external threats squarely did not take into cognisance certain realities as mentioned above (Alan 2010:171). War and strategy is not something that will completely disappear in the near future from the system, hence it requires adequate attention to contain it effectively (Krause and Williams 1997:112). The concept of human security has received popular attention very recently, especially for the students of international relations and social sciences in general and resources on development to help vulnerable people, those who have been displaced by wars or some sort of violent conflict, hence it is humanitarian based. It emerged after the Cold War epoch as a way to unite the various humanitarian, economic and social issues in a way to mitigate human suffering and assure security. It posit human protection, promoting peace and assuring sustainable development with emphasises placed on individual by using people-centred approach to resolve issues of inequalities that affect security. (Human Security Initiative, 2013). Some of the issues that human security addressed are; organized crime and criminal violence, human rights and good governance, armed conflicts and intervention, genocide and mass crimes, health and development, resources and environment (Human Security Initiative, 2013) . According to Alan (2012: 106), human security is a contested concept, just like security is and it was established to serve for various reasons; one of such is to oppose or resist the traditional core view of security which is that individuals rather than states are the referent object of security. It proposes the protection of individuals rather than the defence offered by states from external threats or it says that humans should be the entity to be secured rather than the state. There have been continuous debates on human security as the subject matter seems more daunting, dividing themselves into two schools of thoughts, the narrow and broad schools (Alan 2012: 106). According to (Williams 2008:230), there are three arguable concepts that shape these debates; firstly to implement it as a natural right(s) to gain the support of the liberal assumption of basic individual right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, so that the international community can uphold and protect such rights. Secondly, human security is humanitarian. This is directed at human intervention which is done on specific humanitarian grounds, whereby on rare occasions the military is used as a tool to curb and restore peace/stability of some sort to citizens of genocides, especially to restore basic human rights and dignity. However, it is a way of improving living conditions of refugees and/or those who may have survived some form of violent conflicts. This view of human security is what (Alan 2012) called the narrow school. Mack, the proposer of the narrow school argues that threat of political violence to the people, by the state or other organised actors, is the main reason for the concept of human security. This definition simply has to do with the freedom from fear which is in contrast to the broad school which argue that human security should not be perceived as the freedom from threat only but to widely constructed to include wants, other forms of dangers and general live threatening events of human existence (this is the third concept of Williams (2008:231). This school of thought is considered to be the most controversial, receiving weighty criticisms and dismissal of the whole concept as what they perceive to be threat cannot be defined or seem infinite. This approach of human security makes it even more impossible to achieve especially if the states remain the major actor in world politics (Alan 2012: 107). Even though these two schools are in con trast, it has given rise to a dual conceptualization of security (narrow-human centric and the state-centric) as it emphasizes thes interrelatedness of both threats and responses, in the sense that threats feed or depend on one another, for example, violent conflicts can lead to poverty, deprivation as a result of bad governance and vice versa, as bad governance can lead to violent conflicts, extreme poverty and deprivation of rights of its citizens. This connection in their approach is inevitably interlinked with one another, thus gaining a common ground (Alan 2012: 108-114). How then can human security be defined? Or how has it been defined? Human security according to the Commission on Human Security in its final report says that, it is to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and human fulfilment. Human security means protecting fundamental freedoms. Freedoms that are the essence of life. It means protecting people from critical (severe) and persuasive (widespread) threats and situations. It means using processes that build on peoples strengths and aspirations. It means creating political, social, environmental, economic, military and cultural systems that together give people the building blocks of survival, livelihood and dignity (CHS: 2003: 4, Williams 2008: 232). The above definition presents a shift in paradigm from the traditional concept of security, which is obtained through military protection through force or aggression, but entrusting security to individuals or people. It also recognises the multitude of threats that plagues human well-being (economic, environmental, political, cultural, health etc.), promoting people-centred approach of security and development within and across nations (United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security, 2013a). According to Kofi Annan, the former Secretary General of the United Nations, during the cold war, security tended to be defined almost entirely in terms of military might and the balance of terror. Today, we know that security means far more than the absence of conflict. We also have a greater appreciation for non-military sources of conflict. We know that lasting peace requires a broader vision encompassing areas such as education and health, democracy and human rights, protection against environmental degradation, and the proliferation of deadly weapons. We know that we cannot be secure amidst starvation, that we cannot build peace without alleviating poverty, and that we cannot build freedom on foundation of injustice. These pillars of what we now understand as the people-centered concept of human security are interrelated and mutually reinforcing (Human Security Initiative, 2013). Embedded in the literatures of human security is a common belief that human security is crucial to international security as international order cannot rest exclusively on the sovereignty and viability of states- it depends to a larger extent on the individual and what they consider to be security (Williams 2008: 232). Even as human security have raised debates and criticisms, so has its implementation because of its insufficiency and daunting nature, yet some states like Canada, Norway, Japan, have been said to have adopted its concept already. According to (Alan 2012: 115), the league of Arabs states can be seen as one of such in the international community that has approved of the concept of human security. Human security and the responsible to protect (R2P) works hand in hand, yet the regime of Bashar al-Assad has continued to suppress the peaceful protest since 2011 and deprive his citizens the so called peace and equality, and no proper measures of humanitarian intervention hav e taken place as tens of thousands of people have lost their lives. The argument on the above subject matter enhances the understanding of security by showing that realism which is the bedrock of state-centric security argument is necessary, yet insufficient. Hence, should not be the dominant understanding of security. Because human security makes people the referent object, it puts an onus on realism to explain why the state is the referent object if it is not a means to peoples security. Unless the ultimate purpose of state-centric security is the security of the people, then the relevance of the state is questionable and likewise state-centric security arguments (Alan 2012: 114). According to the Human Security Initiative, the United Nations Millennium Development Goals passed in 2000, was an attempt to make rules that will guard its introduction in order to make it measurable, probably in terms of success or failure. Chandler and Hynek (2011:38) says that human security has nothing to offer beyond the meaning in its name, as it has indirectly been proven by scholars who have tried to measure human (in)security. The approach of security has come to a point where it is insufficient to capture the essence of the contemporary human security discourse (Chandler and Hynek 2011:39). They pointed out more failures of human security, especially in places where post-conflict peacekeeping was implemented like in Haiti, or Kosovo but did not reduced the insecurities of the people living within the region or geopolitical zone and the defenders of realism have earned more advantages and control of security approach. Although, it is a very topical issue today, its implemen tation seem bleak as it yet to define what could be consider as threat to security, it is all too encompassing and has failed to achieve its ambitious goals for improving the human condition (Human Security Initiative, 2013). As a student of this discipline, from all the books and knowledge acquired during the study this subject matter I will say, that human security is intended for the good of individuals or citizenry of a nation, as its primary goal behind it suggests that it wants to restore the security of the people. It covers a wide and ever growing infinite list of challenges or dangers to human (in)securities, it is daunting to implement. It is impossible to allocate resources and/or make public policies that will adequately govern human security in its totality because as human threats are increasing, how does one identify or assess the population group that faces the most risk as evaluated by (Williams 2008: 238) e.g. The pandemic of HIV/AIDS, or events of natural disaster, terrorism, or intra-state civil war etc. how does humanitarian intervention get to everybody who truly need it pending on the overwhelming situation at a given time especially those third world countries or developing countri es like the sub-Sahara African, where the tendency that her governments may loot all the funds for personal threat to his life and familys. I agree with (Alan 2012:114) that there will be continuous research and expansion on the concept of human security as people will further study other variables that may affect it positively or negatively, write more textbooks to educate students in this principle of international relations and social sciences as whole, thus the security issues may keep widening and deepening until it is achievable or discarded. I also agree with (Alan 2012 :115) that the UN has a lot of role to play as the leader, whether by developing a practical agenda and implementing human security or by reducing conflicts through the role of the International Organisations, Regional Grouping, like the European union, African Union and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) to continue the fight for peace-building and keeping, and humanitarian intervention to civil war areas. The post-cold war ushered in the deepening and broadening of the concept of security, posing principal issue in world security and politics, thus, the need to distinguish between the traditional and non-traditional security gained increased attention. Non-tradition security issues stands in sharp opposition to traditional security issues (CICIR, 2013). Non-traditional security issues encompass all live threatening dangers evident in the world today. Rather than security issues caused by the military, political and diplomatic conflicts, it refers to issues that pose a threat to sovereign states, human survival and human development. With the advancement of economic globalization and material civilization, non-traditional issues came into being (CICIR, 2013), therefore, operating across national boundaries. Security is primarily associated with war and peace while non-traditional deals with creating equality of people, harmony within the international community and human development (CICIR 2013). With the production of heavy weapons of mass destruction and nuclear weapons, could it be the source of peace and maintenance in the state? The security debates has for long focused on traditional view of security i.e. on military threats towards a state and the non-traditional issues such as transnational crime, environmental degradation, trade, human security, has not been recognised as potential threats. Potential threats have been viewed as against a state and the state is the referent object of security. The security of a state is threatened if the survival of the state as an entity was at risk (Institute for Security and Development Policy, 2013). Security is still viewed in terms of military strength or force and has a clearly defined enemy which can be defeated militarily unlike when compared with economic security, transnational crime and environmental issues. This perspective or approach of security has been in place since 1948 during the Westphalia peace treaty and that is where todays concept of nation-state can be traced back to. That was before it gained academic attention in the 1970s, then political interest and much later in the 1980s, environmental issues gained prominence, at least academically (Institute for Security and Development Policy 2013). Non-traditional security applies both positive and negative impact on world politics as it is evident in the concept of security (CICIR, 2013). Non-traditional security issues have caused a shift in nations focus from competition to mutual communication, seeking common ground and cooperating while reserving differences between states. For individual countries, it has shifted the focus from military and political security towards economic, societal, environmental and public security (CICIR, 2013). The call for universal peace is stressed, dialogue, advocacy and cooperation is now tolerated and accommodated. Regardless of the broadening of the concept of security, the state remains the referent object for the traditionalist while individual states are assumed to have little or no reason for cooperation, else will fail if initiated, as the international system is anarchic and survival of states is its only aim. With the rapid progress of international trade, increased globalization, and the interactional within the international and regional organisation, the interest of states are no longer singular (Institute for Security and Development Policy, 2013). Previously, utmost importance was given to sovereign security and territorial integrity whereas today a call for national unity is prevalent, as health social development is essential for peoples well-being (CICIR, 2013). State security was the prevailing character of traditional security, which focuses on threats directed at states while the non-traditional presents the humanitarianism, deals with threat directed at individual or people (CHS, 2013). Consequently, since non- traditional security is largely transnational, its threats are limitless, plagued with many uncertainties and its referent object is plural, hence creating room for more political actors, both state actors and non-state actors, who have become active in the world politics today (CICIR, 2013).