Character Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Character Analysis - Essay Example The character of juror number 8 can be recognized as a person who is very creative. The name of Juror # 8 is Fonda and he belongs to the field of architecture. The profession he is working in is alone enough to categorize his as a creative individual. This is because in the field of architecture an individual is responsible for designing structures that are physical in nature. Architects are individuals involved in the area of creating buildings and designing homes and they have to be creative in their work in order to create new and improved designs (Puccio 346). Another reasons due to which he can be referred to as a creative individual is that he has tremendous amount of experience in his field. Within the movie he can be witnessed performing various acts that reiterate the fact the he is quite a creative individual. For example while solving the mystery of whether the boy killed his father or not, he develops a blue print of the room in which the father was living. Furthermore, h e even tries to defend the boy my measuring the area that the father had travelled to open the door of his room. Fonda is a person who can be referred to as an individual who prefers making decisions in an ethical manner. There are various theories that help in identifying whether a person and his actions are ethical or unethical. One such theory is the ethical decision making theory of utilitarianism. The theory argues that individuals and their decisions and action can be categorized as ethical if he makes decision while ensuring the his decisions lead to the benefit of the entire society and not just a few members of the society (Puccio 24). If his actions and decisions are considered under the light of utilitarianism, he can be considered as an ethical person. This is because unlike other individuals, he ignored his own self-interest and gave precedence to the interest of the young boy. Due to his action of questioning the

Based on Feminist theory, which may include patriarchy (e.g Assignment

Based on Feminist theory, which may include patriarchy (e.g. MacKinnon; Pateman), the essay is about The pay gap between men and women in Australia) - Assignment Example The gender wage gap is larger for the private sector than the public sector, and it is highest in the health care and social assistance sector. As women grow older, the wage gap also increases. This item is relevant to the study because it provides statistics for existing wage gap differences and where they can be found. It is also linked with other statistics and studies that determines that gender discrimination is the predominant cause of the gender wage gap. Dr. Lena Madesin Phillips established The International Federation of Business and Professional Women (BPW International) in 1930. BPW International is part of international networks of business and professional women with affiliates in 95 countries. This web page offers numerous articles regarding gender pay gap across the world. It shows that Australia’s wage gap is lower than Austria, Germany, and Belgium, but higher than New Zealand and France. Eveline, J., & Todd, P. (2010). Gender mainstreaming: The answer to the gender pay gap? In C.L. Bacchi (Ed.), Mainstreaming politics: Gendering practices and feminist theory (pp.163-190). South Australia: University of Adelaide Press. Eveline and Todd (2010) examined if gender mainstreaming is an effective policy in decreasing wage gaps between men and women. They conducted a systematic review of gender mainstreaming in Australian states. They defined gender mainstreaming as a strategy for embedding gender concerns into studying and developing institutional arrangements, market structure, wage policies, and social norms. They stressed that the application of the enterprise bargaining system since the 1990s worsened gender wage gap in Australia. They noted from their review that gender mainstreaming cannot be effective as a gender wage gap corrector without supporting industrial relations policy changes. This item is relevant to the topic because it studies the effects of gender pay gap in Australia and focuses on the

Security In International Relations

Security In International Relations Security has posed a major cause of concern to many states in the world in the last few decades. Everyday people are faced with tough choices of survival, even more significant ones collectively as a group, as insecurity has plagued eventually every part of the world today. In the whole world, in diverse ways and for many different reasons mankind is faced with a period of terror, torture and destruction and people are killed, starved, raped, imprisoned, displaced etc., with the third world states as the most vulnerable and with little or no hope of stability in the nearest future. Though it may not be at the same ratio, yet it is quite evident year by year as shown by the annual report of the United Nation Development Programme (UNDP). Security studies is the main focus of international relations, as a result of the aftermath of the massacre of the First World War and the urgent need to put a stop to such horrific event from re-occurring again, thus this coined the discipline international relations in 1919. The concept of security is broad but its core objective is to deepen our understanding of it, this simply means that individuals can draw a conclusion(s) from their understanding of what politics means, derived from different approaches or schools of thoughts (Krause and Williams 1997: 111). Security studies is usually associated with threat to survival (Buzan 1991:1), according to (Booth 2005:21), security means, the absence of threats, meaning the possibility of being safe from danger or feeling safe. Yet it is quiet unfortunate as the absence of threat is something that is exaggerated, as security studies recognizes dangers of pandemics like HIV/AIDS, cholera, environmental degradation and even focusing more on matters like war, terrorism, interstate rivalry, patriarchy. All these and more has made security a more topical issue especially since after the Cold war (Alan 2010:2). National security is central as a state determines conditions of security for itself as it is said to be the most important referent, yet states find it difficult coexisting in total peace with one another and this they seek through military might, yet many threats and pandemics are predicted yearly, seeking states attention (Buzan 1991:1). The concept saturates contemporary societies all around the world (Williams 2008:1), it is embedded in the speeches and debates of politicians and regimes, visual pictures in the news, on radio, television and newspapers, all these makes security captivating yet deadly. In social science terms, security can be said to be an essentially contested concept, which means that there is no generally accepted meaning or definition to it (Williams 2008:1, Buzan 1991:7). But for the purpose of public relations, it may mean the alleviation of threats to cherished values, especially to which, if left unchecked, threaten the survival of a particular referent object in the near future (Williams 2008:5), meaning that security is highly political. Therefore security should not be for academic purposes alone as it involves real people, real events and happening in real places (Booths 2007, as cited in Williams 2008:1) to a large extent. Security portrays the worst fears that perpetually reside in the minds of the population. However, it is vital to consider who is secured, who takes security decisions for a state, what should be considered fit for a security agenda and how these security issues should be treated (Williams 2008: 1-9). With the continuous assumptions and studying of the concept of security as a military might, or as to maintain its status quo which is its main focus gradually deepens and broadens it that it blurs its comprehension or meaningless (Alan 2010: 3). Security studies is a wide subject area and have various approaches and perspectives of which one can study it to gain knowledge of the concept. But this work will be looking at the meaning of security, as all step to be more secure creates more room for insecurity and the struggle for survival, even though scholars like Booth (2005: 22) has argued with example of refugees in long-term camps, that security should not be mistaken for or associated with survival because people can and have survived even without necessarily been secured. It will consider if security comprise of freedom from military threat. What are the referent objects of security; the states or its citizens? Despite the contest of security, the basic interest of international relations is to know how the referent objects are threatened and what they do to survive. The aim of this work is also to differentiate between traditional and non-traditional security. And finally, this essay gives an overview of human security, the implementation and its operational impact. Some definitions of security have been proffered by some scholars and I intend looking at a few of them. Security itself is a relative freedom from war, coupled with a relatively high expectation that defeat will not be a consequence of any war that should occur Ian Bellamy, cited in Alan (2010:3). According to Giacomo Luciani, cited in Buzan (1991: 17), National security may be defined as the ability to withstand aggression form abroad. Walter Lippmann defined it as a nation is secure to the extent to which it is not in danger of having to sacrifice core values if it wishes to avoid war, and is able, if challenged, to maintain them by victory in such a war (Buzan 1991:16). Jozsef Balazs says that international security is determined basically by the internal and external security of the various social systems, by the extent, in general, to which system identity depends on external circumstances. Experts generally define social security as internal security. Its essential function is to ensure the political and economic power of a given ruling class or the survival of the social system and an adequate degree of public security (Buzan 1991:16). According to Ayoob (1995:9), security-insecurity is defined in relation to vulnerabilities- both internal and external- that threaten or have the potential to bring down or weaken states structures, both territorial and institutional, and governing regimes. In all the above definitions, the key things emphasized as objectives to states are the protection of the state territory which involves military aggression, values of states against foreign imposition, the timing and the intensity of threats and the political nature of the subject matter (Buzan 1991:18; Booth 2005:23). All these can do more damage than good as it gives off an unnecessary appearance of strength and masculinity which it does not worth. The word security gives an absolute condition of peaceful condition and well-being (Buzan 1991:18). According to (Booths 2005: 22), security is always relative, as it gives individuals or groups some choice to become what they aspire to be, not merely existing on the earth surface. Yet arousing too many unanswered questions; is war the only form of threat common to a state? Is there really security in national security? Who exactly is a secured, particular dominant group or citizens? What right does the state have to implement security values within its state, which may likely extend outside his territory to influence beyond its jurisdiction? These are evident that these definitions are not adequate enough to cover the scope of security, yet notwithstanding provides political power. Even though it has no generally accepted definition, it does not prevent constructive discussion as security depicts the ability of states and individual societies to maintain their substantive identity and functional integrity. However, Booth (2005: 23) introduces his own definition after the consideration of all other definitions; Security in world politics is an instrumental value that enables people(s) some opportunity to choose how to live. It is a means by which individuals and collectivities can invent and reinvent different ideas about being human. In traditional approach, security is perceived as military phenomenon as the military were said to protect its territory from threats posed by other armed forces of other states, as a state and its society can be in their own terms, secure in the political, economic, societal and environmental dimensions, and yet all these accomplishments can be undone by military failure (Buzan 2010b: 35 as cited by Alan 2010:170). Thus, military security was mainly about identifying real and feasible enemies that posed a threat to its state and eliminating them either by acquiring more military might or by entering into alliance or ally with other states to possess the required power or force needed. Meaning that the only way of been secured was through war (Alan 2010:172). For traditional realists where the system is seen as anarchy, states are persuaded to build their military security through their own efforts which may appear threatening to other states in the system, hence sending out negative impression which may cause in a violent reaction in kind, resulting in arms racing with other states, hence creating security dilemma (Alan 2010:173). All the same, states strive to acquire and maintain appropriate military strength as much as it can afford. Yet, acquiring military capability can have consequences that threaten as well as secure a states values (Alan 2012:158). Security is paramount, that explains why government continues to pay much attention even as it is extremely expensive to acquire. However, it is important to know that though security is fundamental, yet its insufficient in giving its citizens the complete sense of security needed as seen in the widespread of wars and the necessary humanitarian interventions predominant in the post-Cold War era. Moreover, most of these wars facing the states today are more internal than external armed forces of foreign states e.g. Nigeria, Syria, Argentina, Greece, Libya, South Korea and many more in very recent decades, mos tly because of high-handed, totalitarian or monarchy regimes ran by rulers of these nations. Ayoob in Krause and Williams (1997:122), argue that many conflicts have been more intrastate since 1945 especially in the Third World where the processes of making a state is not complete or is not as developed as the legitimate states that are present in the industrialised world. And the pressure on the Third World states to mature into legitimate states in the shortest possible time. So the assumptions that states needs to maintain and maximize its own military capabilities to face external threats squarely did not take into cognisance certain realities as mentioned above (Alan 2010:171). War and strategy is not something that will completely disappear in the near future from the system, hence it requires adequate attention to contain it effectively (Krause and Williams 1997:112). The concept of human security has received popular attention very recently, especially for the students of international relations and social sciences in general and resources on development to help vulnerable people, those who have been displaced by wars or some sort of violent conflict, hence it is humanitarian based. It emerged after the Cold War epoch as a way to unite the various humanitarian, economic and social issues in a way to mitigate human suffering and assure security. It posit human protection, promoting peace and assuring sustainable development with emphasises placed on individual by using people-centred approach to resolve issues of inequalities that affect security. (Human Security Initiative, 2013). Some of the issues that human security addressed are; organized crime and criminal violence, human rights and good governance, armed conflicts and intervention, genocide and mass crimes, health and development, resources and environment (Human Security Initiative, 2013) . According to Alan (2012: 106), human security is a contested concept, just like security is and it was established to serve for various reasons; one of such is to oppose or resist the traditional core view of security which is that individuals rather than states are the referent object of security. It proposes the protection of individuals rather than the defence offered by states from external threats or it says that humans should be the entity to be secured rather than the state. There have been continuous debates on human security as the subject matter seems more daunting, dividing themselves into two schools of thoughts, the narrow and broad schools (Alan 2012: 106). According to (Williams 2008:230), there are three arguable concepts that shape these debates; firstly to implement it as a natural right(s) to gain the support of the liberal assumption of basic individual right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, so that the international community can uphold and protect such rights. Secondly, human security is humanitarian. This is directed at human intervention which is done on specific humanitarian grounds, whereby on rare occasions the military is used as a tool to curb and restore peace/stability of some sort to citizens of genocides, especially to restore basic human rights and dignity. However, it is a way of improving living conditions of refugees and/or those who may have survived some form of violent conflicts. This view of human security is what (Alan 2012) called the narrow school. Mack, the proposer of the narrow school argues that threat of political violence to the people, by the state or other organised actors, is the main reason for the concept of human security. This definition simply has to do with the freedom from fear which is in contrast to the broad school which argue that human security should not be perceived as the freedom from threat only but to widely constructed to include wants, other forms of dangers and general live threatening events of human existence (this is the third concept of Williams (2008:231). This school of thought is considered to be the most controversial, receiving weighty criticisms and dismissal of the whole concept as what they perceive to be threat cannot be defined or seem infinite. This approach of human security makes it even more impossible to achieve especially if the states remain the major actor in world politics (Alan 2012: 107). Even though these two schools are in con trast, it has given rise to a dual conceptualization of security (narrow-human centric and the state-centric) as it emphasizes thes interrelatedness of both threats and responses, in the sense that threats feed or depend on one another, for example, violent conflicts can lead to poverty, deprivation as a result of bad governance and vice versa, as bad governance can lead to violent conflicts, extreme poverty and deprivation of rights of its citizens. This connection in their approach is inevitably interlinked with one another, thus gaining a common ground (Alan 2012: 108-114). How then can human security be defined? Or how has it been defined? Human security according to the Commission on Human Security in its final report says that, it is to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and human fulfilment. Human security means protecting fundamental freedoms. Freedoms that are the essence of life. It means protecting people from critical (severe) and persuasive (widespread) threats and situations. It means using processes that build on peoples strengths and aspirations. It means creating political, social, environmental, economic, military and cultural systems that together give people the building blocks of survival, livelihood and dignity (CHS: 2003: 4, Williams 2008: 232). The above definition presents a shift in paradigm from the traditional concept of security, which is obtained through military protection through force or aggression, but entrusting security to individuals or people. It also recognises the multitude of threats that plagues human well-being (economic, environmental, political, cultural, health etc.), promoting people-centred approach of security and development within and across nations (United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security, 2013a). According to Kofi Annan, the former Secretary General of the United Nations, during the cold war, security tended to be defined almost entirely in terms of military might and the balance of terror. Today, we know that security means far more than the absence of conflict. We also have a greater appreciation for non-military sources of conflict. We know that lasting peace requires a broader vision encompassing areas such as education and health, democracy and human rights, protection against environmental degradation, and the proliferation of deadly weapons. We know that we cannot be secure amidst starvation, that we cannot build peace without alleviating poverty, and that we cannot build freedom on foundation of injustice. These pillars of what we now understand as the people-centered concept of human security are interrelated and mutually reinforcing (Human Security Initiative, 2013). Embedded in the literatures of human security is a common belief that human security is crucial to international security as international order cannot rest exclusively on the sovereignty and viability of states- it depends to a larger extent on the individual and what they consider to be security (Williams 2008: 232). Even as human security have raised debates and criticisms, so has its implementation because of its insufficiency and daunting nature, yet some states like Canada, Norway, Japan, have been said to have adopted its concept already. According to (Alan 2012: 115), the league of Arabs states can be seen as one of such in the international community that has approved of the concept of human security. Human security and the responsible to protect (R2P) works hand in hand, yet the regime of Bashar al-Assad has continued to suppress the peaceful protest since 2011 and deprive his citizens the so called peace and equality, and no proper measures of humanitarian intervention hav e taken place as tens of thousands of people have lost their lives. The argument on the above subject matter enhances the understanding of security by showing that realism which is the bedrock of state-centric security argument is necessary, yet insufficient. Hence, should not be the dominant understanding of security. Because human security makes people the referent object, it puts an onus on realism to explain why the state is the referent object if it is not a means to peoples security. Unless the ultimate purpose of state-centric security is the security of the people, then the relevance of the state is questionable and likewise state-centric security arguments (Alan 2012: 114). According to the Human Security Initiative, the United Nations Millennium Development Goals passed in 2000, was an attempt to make rules that will guard its introduction in order to make it measurable, probably in terms of success or failure. Chandler and Hynek (2011:38) says that human security has nothing to offer beyond the meaning in its name, as it has indirectly been proven by scholars who have tried to measure human (in)security. The approach of security has come to a point where it is insufficient to capture the essence of the contemporary human security discourse (Chandler and Hynek 2011:39). They pointed out more failures of human security, especially in places where post-conflict peacekeeping was implemented like in Haiti, or Kosovo but did not reduced the insecurities of the people living within the region or geopolitical zone and the defenders of realism have earned more advantages and control of security approach. Although, it is a very topical issue today, its implemen tation seem bleak as it yet to define what could be consider as threat to security, it is all too encompassing and has failed to achieve its ambitious goals for improving the human condition (Human Security Initiative, 2013). As a student of this discipline, from all the books and knowledge acquired during the study this subject matter I will say, that human security is intended for the good of individuals or citizenry of a nation, as its primary goal behind it suggests that it wants to restore the security of the people. It covers a wide and ever growing infinite list of challenges or dangers to human (in)securities, it is daunting to implement. It is impossible to allocate resources and/or make public policies that will adequately govern human security in its totality because as human threats are increasing, how does one identify or assess the population group that faces the most risk as evaluated by (Williams 2008: 238) e.g. The pandemic of HIV/AIDS, or events of natural disaster, terrorism, or intra-state civil war etc. how does humanitarian intervention get to everybody who truly need it pending on the overwhelming situation at a given time especially those third world countries or developing countri es like the sub-Sahara African, where the tendency that her governments may loot all the funds for personal threat to his life and familys. I agree with (Alan 2012:114) that there will be continuous research and expansion on the concept of human security as people will further study other variables that may affect it positively or negatively, write more textbooks to educate students in this principle of international relations and social sciences as whole, thus the security issues may keep widening and deepening until it is achievable or discarded. I also agree with (Alan 2012 :115) that the UN has a lot of role to play as the leader, whether by developing a practical agenda and implementing human security or by reducing conflicts through the role of the International Organisations, Regional Grouping, like the European union, African Union and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) to continue the fight for peace-building and keeping, and humanitarian intervention to civil war areas. The post-cold war ushered in the deepening and broadening of the concept of security, posing principal issue in world security and politics, thus, the need to distinguish between the traditional and non-traditional security gained increased attention. Non-tradition security issues stands in sharp opposition to traditional security issues (CICIR, 2013). Non-traditional security issues encompass all live threatening dangers evident in the world today. Rather than security issues caused by the military, political and diplomatic conflicts, it refers to issues that pose a threat to sovereign states, human survival and human development. With the advancement of economic globalization and material civilization, non-traditional issues came into being (CICIR, 2013), therefore, operating across national boundaries. Security is primarily associated with war and peace while non-traditional deals with creating equality of people, harmony within the international community and human development (CICIR 2013). With the production of heavy weapons of mass destruction and nuclear weapons, could it be the source of peace and maintenance in the state? The security debates has for long focused on traditional view of security i.e. on military threats towards a state and the non-traditional issues such as transnational crime, environmental degradation, trade, human security, has not been recognised as potential threats. Potential threats have been viewed as against a state and the state is the referent object of security. The security of a state is threatened if the survival of the state as an entity was at risk (Institute for Security and Development Policy, 2013). Security is still viewed in terms of military strength or force and has a clearly defined enemy which can be defeated militarily unlike when compared with economic security, transnational crime and environmental issues. This perspective or approach of security has been in place since 1948 during the Westphalia peace treaty and that is where todays concept of nation-state can be traced back to. That was before it gained academic attention in the 1970s, then political interest and much later in the 1980s, environmental issues gained prominence, at least academically (Institute for Security and Development Policy 2013). Non-traditional security applies both positive and negative impact on world politics as it is evident in the concept of security (CICIR, 2013). Non-traditional security issues have caused a shift in nations focus from competition to mutual communication, seeking common ground and cooperating while reserving differences between states. For individual countries, it has shifted the focus from military and political security towards economic, societal, environmental and public security (CICIR, 2013). The call for universal peace is stressed, dialogue, advocacy and cooperation is now tolerated and accommodated. Regardless of the broadening of the concept of security, the state remains the referent object for the traditionalist while individual states are assumed to have little or no reason for cooperation, else will fail if initiated, as the international system is anarchic and survival of states is its only aim. With the rapid progress of international trade, increased globalization, and the interactional within the international and regional organisation, the interest of states are no longer singular (Institute for Security and Development Policy, 2013). Previously, utmost importance was given to sovereign security and territorial integrity whereas today a call for national unity is prevalent, as health social development is essential for peoples well-being (CICIR, 2013). State security was the prevailing character of traditional security, which focuses on threats directed at states while the non-traditional presents the humanitarianism, deals with threat directed at individual or people (CHS, 2013). Consequently, since non- traditional security is largely transnational, its threats are limitless, plagued with many uncertainties and its referent object is plural, hence creating room for more political actors, both state actors and non-state actors, who have become active in the world politics today (CICIR, 2013).

Essays --

A school uniform is an identifying, standardized outfit or style of dress worn specifically for an educational institution, they dictate the schools â€Å"dress code†. Generally, uniforms when used enhances uniformity among the students, irrespective of their financial status, race, and color or fashion preference; it improves the learning environment, and instils discipline; reduces security threats and thus enhances safety. Over the years, the educational system has been marred with gang related violence, bullying, safety issues, indecent dressing, and lack of discipline. The implementation of mandatory school uniform policy has a positive result via the reduction in gang problems, enhancement of school security, improved attendance and increased academic achievement. All these positive outcome definitely create a positive influence on the educational process. School uniform prepares the students for school in a much simpler and faster way. Time is not wasted in the morning in choosing and matching what to wear, thus students will get to school on time. This boosts attendance and gives students more time for studying. For example, at a school near Boston a high school senior remarks that â€Å"for some people it takes hours to get dressed. If we had a uniform it would take three minutes† [1]. The stress of matching and choosing clothes, very common with female students is eliminated and students arrive in school clear headed and prepared for the day’s educational task ahead in school. Uniforms are cost effective and they save parents several dollars that will be spent on buying casual clothes for their children. They will have to spend less when they have to buy uniform because the quantity of clothes purcha... ...trip or excursion, uniform helps in identifying them as an organized group and this in effect limits the incidence of student’s straying away or incidence of missing person. In his 1996 State of the Union Address, former president of the United States, Bill Clinton challenged schools â€Å"to teach character education, good values and good citizenship. And if it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms. As long as a school uniform policy is in place, students will go to school in an atmosphere devoid of fear and violence. Discipline will be maintained and students will make improvement in their academics a major priority and not bother about being judged about what they wear or their fashion sense.

Paterfamilias

Jack DeSantis Western Civilization 3/4/13 The Roman Family â€Å"Familia†, the Latin word for family. This word played a very large role in that of that Roman society. The Roman family is essentially the basic component of Roman society and could also be the archetype of political authority. Without a strong connection and bond in your Familia your family name could not be respected. Everyone in the family had to play his or her own part and had a specific role or purpose to fulfill in order to be a successful family.Whether you were the head of the family, a wife, or a daughter or son, everyone had their own role and duties to execute. There was a very specific hierarchy and structure in which the Roman family was set up. It started with the oldest living male and stemmed down to the children. At the top of the social hierarchy was the oldest living male, usually the father, known as the â€Å"paterfamilias. † This paterfamilias had supreme power within the family, not only in terms of respect but also legally and politically. He held the right to sell family members if he deemed necessary (although rare).Regardless of age, a son was always legally subject to obeying any living Paterfamilias and was also in charge of fulfilling said duties if the current Paterfamilias passed away (eldest son would become the paterfamilias). Although their legal capabilities allowed them to kill a child, wife or any member of the family, most fathers only used this ability as more of a threat than an action. The idea of a strong family bond proved to be valid throughout most familial in that the Paterfamilias for the most part was an affectionate, caring, and kind father.The respect for the Paterfamilias came from the idea of respect for their elders and ancestors. Every patrician belonged to gen, which was essentially a group that lineage back to common ancestor. With that being said all patricians were required to include their â€Å"third name† which ind icated their gens. All Roman males had a person and a family name, yet only the elite and well off would have a middle name. This basically set them apart from everyone else and would indicate their wealth. Similar to most societies of their the time the Roman woman never became independent from their familias.For the most part woman would be considered more of an object than a member of a family. Instead of receiving a personal name like men, a daughter would be referred to by her fathers’ gens. The paterfamilias was only responsible for the first-born daughter in the family. He would be responsible for his wife, son, and daughter yet if second daughter were to be born he could legally renounce her and let her die. Although for the most part abandoned daughters would survive and be raised as slaves.Not only did the paterfamilias have the ability sell his daughter to slavery, kill her either by abandoning her or by actually sentencing her to death as punishment, but he also r eserved the right to marry her off to whomever he pleased. Although it seems that the paterfamilias would not really treat his daughters with respect, for the most part fathers still loved and cared for their daughters. Once married off to other familias, the wives would commonly be among the rest of the family during meals. Unlike classical Greece, woman had much more influence behind the scenes.Husbands would often look to their wives for advice on certain issues being that wives were taught to take an interest in their husband’s lives outside the realm of the household. Divorce was very common among Romans throughout the existence of the empire. Without question if a divorce were to occur the father would retain custody of the children. An article titled â€Å"Roman Family Structure† quoted that, â€Å"In later years, women had the choice of retaining loyalty to their birth family or their husband's family. They also had expanded rights to seek divorce themselves; but, the children still remained with the father's family. In later years is in reference to the fact that women’s status underwent changes throughout the Roman empires period of domination (750 BC to 480 AD). The son was given the responsibility of carrying on the family name by marrying a woman (most likely in the same social class) and reproducing an heir. A son was also given the responsibility of carry out any and all tasks his paterfamilias asks of him. If the paterfamilias were to pass away (usually around ages 30-40) the eldest son would take on the responsibilities of the head of the family.This would only take place if he were the eldest male member of the family. Not only did blood relatives take part in the familia. Almost every Roman household contained a large family but also at least one slave. Whether you were a patrician or a plebian it was seen as a necessity to own a slave. Most slaves would be in charge of taking care of household tasks. Such as cooking, c leaning as well as gardening. If intelligent enough and actually literate (not common) slaves would also tutor children and help them with their studies. In some households slaves would be treated like family and given certain rights.Most Romans believed in the idea that if a slave were treated well they would work harder than if they were treated poorly. Although all the statistics point to the paterfamilias having supreme right over everyone, only in times of need and punishment would the paterfamilias use their rights. Otherwise he would be a loving, caring father figure who also tried to do what was best for his family. This is all thanks the Roman morals as well as beliefs that through a strong family bond, they could acquire and hold power. Many of these beliefs as well as morals have been passed down to our society today such as a strong family bond.

A play written by J. B. Priestly Essay

An Inspector Calls, a play written by J. B. Priestly in 1945. He set his play in 1912 just before the First World War. It is a story of the visit by an Inspector to an apparently normal family, the Birlings. The Birlings are celebrating their daughter Shelia’s engagement to Gerald Croft. Mr. Birling a successful factory owner gets the ball rolling with a speech, which he gives to his son Eric, and Gerald Croft. J. B Priestly makes good use of dramatic irony in this speech because many events took place after 1912, which we the modern audience, know about but Mr. Birling doesn’t. Mr. Birling mentioned that the miners came out on a strike and there would be possible labour trouble in the near future. He said that there wouldn’t be any more worries about the strikes. But in 1926 we know that there was a General Strike in Britain. He talks about the Titanic being a spectacular ship with every luxury and it is absolutely unsinkable. But as we know in 1912 the Titanic sunk on maiden voyage and 1,513 lives were lost. He also mentioned about the wars not happening. He said that the Germans don’t want war. But in 1914 the First World War broke out. He said that there would peace and prosperity and rapid progress everywhere but in 1917 there was revolution in Russia. In 1939 the Second World War broke out and in 1945 the atomic bombs were dropped on Japan. This makes the audience doubt Mr Birling early on in the play. When Mr. Birling finishes his speech the Inspector enters into the scene. The Inspector is at the Birling’s because there was a death of a woman Eva Smith and he had come to ask questions about her. Mr. Birling was the first person that we were led to believe started off the train of events that ultimately led to the death of Eva Smith. Mr. Birling had sacked Eva Smith from his factory after she started to cause trouble demanding higher wages. Mr Birling says that any man in his position would have done the same. She was making trouble as Mr. Birling said, ‘She had a lot to say – far too much so she had to goi. But the only thing that Mr. Birling cared about was his family and the progress of his business. He didn’t care about his workers and he didn’t know them. As he says in Act 1 â€Å"I have a couple of hundred workers under me, who keep changing†. So there wasn’t a personal relationship between these two until after the workers came back from their holidays that they were asking for a pay rise. As Mr. Birling wouldn’t, he sacked the ringleaders and one of them was Eva Smith. Now that Eva was sacked she was out of work for two months. She had no money and she was half starved. She had no one to help her. Her parents had died so they couldn’t offer any help and her friends had nothing to offer her. But then again it wasn’t the end of the world and she was capable of getting another job as we find out.

Adolf Hitler3 essays

Adolf Hitler3 essays I am writing this report on Adolf Hitler, who would one day lead a movement that would change the world. Adolf Hitler was born in the small Austrian village of Braunau Am Inn on April 20, 1889. Adolfs father, Aolis, was born in 1837. Aolis had always used the last name of his mother, Schicklgruber. After some years his uncle convinced him to change his last name to Hiedler, to continue the family name. When it was time to write the name down in the record book it was spelled Hitler, so in 1876, at age 39, Aolis Schicklgruber became Aolis Hitler. In 1885 at the age of 48, Aolis married Klara Polzl, age 24. On April 20, 1889, Adolf was born and baptized Catholic. Hitlers father was then 52 years old. Eleven years later, the Hitler household consisted of Adolf, Edmund, Paula, Aolis Jr., and Angela. At age 7 Adolf and his family moved to Lambach, Austria. This would be the first of several moves the family would have to take. In Lambach, Adolf attended a school where the ancient monasteries were decorated with many different signs, one of which was a swastika. Later on in Adolf became very interested in German Nationalism. Also during this time, both of Adolfs parents died, his father of a lung hemorrage and his mother of natural causes. He dropped out of school in 1905 at age 16. Eight years later, Hitler fled to Vienna to escape arrest as a deserter from the Austrian army. He lived in Munich until the outbreak of World War I, when he volunteered for service in the German army. During the war he served as a dispatch runner on the western front. He also was promoted to corporal, was wounded twice, and was awarded the Iron Cross, both for first and second class, for bravery. After the war ended Hitler became increasingly and vocally anti-semitic (against jews). This began the Development of the Nazi party in 1919. In the beginning, he was assigned to spy on political parties. On Septemb...

Welfare System Reform †Government (300 Level Course)

Welfare System Reform – Government (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Welfare System Reform Government (300 Level Course) While the welfare system may be costly to taxpayers, it gives many youths an opportunity to overcome their predestined poverty. Welfare punishes any child that is born into it. The Republican’s proposal seeks to change the Welfare program, if passed; it would effect the lives of the youth from poverty stricken families. From a governmental standpoint, it should not be their responsibility to support illegitimate children with welfare checks. This dilemma deals mainly with sexual conduct presently practiced. Robert L. Woodson, Sr., writes that welfare and the majority of the issues in the United States today, â€Å"[A]re matters of behavior, the results of choices made in the absence of a clear set of guiding values†(19). Marge Roukema, a Republican Congresswoman from New Jersey, continues, â€Å"We need welfare reform based on the notion of individual responsibility†(320). By supplying single mothers with welfare checks, the government is acknowledging that illegitimate children are fine and that the will provide for these kids. Charles Krauthammer states, â€Å"[T]he only realistic way to attack this cycle of illegitimacy and its associated pathologies is by cutting off the oxygen that sustains the system. Stop the welfare checks†(101). This solution would place the responsibility of providing for the child directly on the mother and father. Krauthammer continues, â€Å"Taking [welfare checks] away is the single most immediate and direct measure that government can take to break the cycle of illegitimacy and dependency†(102). Some states have instituted a family cap. La Donna A. Pavetti writes, â€Å"Under the cap a woman already receiving welfare will not receive additional financial help if she gives birth to another child†(3). This will allow the government to control who should and should not receive the benefits. The family cap presently exists in various forms in 22 states. Lucie White describes the goal of welfare reform, â€Å"[T]o provide strong incentives for recipient families to become self-sufficient, producing all of their income through waged work alone†(120). This view sees reform as a way to help participants of the welfare program to become self-supporting. Welfare Reform would stop wages to all families after five years; this may consequently destroy family life for some people. Mimi Abramovitz writes, â€Å"Welfare critics sat AFDC causes families to break up because the program for single parents sometimes leads men to move out so their families can survive†(36-37). This plan would cut childcare funding, which is a necessity to those individuals who are trying to get a job. William J. Coyne, a Democratic Congressman from Pennsylvania, states, â€Å"The legislation will result in America’s poor children being left alone†(323). Walter Shapiro continues, â€Å"Taking somebody who wasn’t a worker and turning them into a steady worker takes time†(12). Employment, another issue in the Welfare debate, also designates the victims as the children. The Republican proposal seeks that any able worker must work in order to receive their benefits. George E. Brown, Jr., a Democratic Congressman from California, writes, â€Å"There are many on public assistance who work hard every day for wages that are simply too low to allow them to rise above the poverty level†(324). The Reform plan would require that 50 percent of the people on Welfare must be working. It is a tough task for people to afford apt housing, if they live below the poverty level. The Center for Budget Policy Priorities conducted a survey, that concluded, â€Å"60 percent of poor renter households spend over half their income on housing†(3). The money, which the people earn from working, won’t even allow them to pay for suitable childcare. Consequently, the bill will prevent mothers from seeking jobs. The proposal will â€Å"cut Federal funds,† according to Congressman Coyne, â€Å"for child care by 25 percent in the year 2000. This means that over 400,000 fewer children will receive Federal childcare assistance. Pennsylvania alone will lose $25.7 million in Federal care assistance funding by the year 2000. That means that over 15,000 children in Pennsylvania will be denied Federal assistance for safe childcare†(323). Welfare Reform may prevent a person from rising above one’s financial troubles. The bill will allow each state to cease benefits to a family after two years. Also it will require the state to stop funding after five years. Therefore after five years, participants will not receive any benefits and be forced to find a job in the working world, a place unfamiliar to them. Maxine Waters, a Democratic Congresswoman from California, explains, â€Å"We are talking about people, some of whom were born into situations through no choice of their own that keeps them locked into the cycle of poverty, and there have been no real guidelines, rules by which they can get out of the cycle of poverty†(327). Children will be effected the most by a parent, whose benefits have been terminated. George J. Duncan writes, â€Å"New restrictions will increase the number of extremely poor families and put the very youngest children at risk†(67). While cutting welfare to mothers with illegitimate children may seem fair to taxpayers; it is denying underprivileged youths a chance to improve their economic status. The children are not the ones to blame; yet they are the ones punished. Teresa McCrary, a welfare mom, states, â€Å"[M]otherhood is a career in itself†(103). A mother has a responsibility to care for her child, yet cutting off her welfare would force her to find a job. Taking a job would conflict with her responsibility to her child. McCrary writes, â€Å"Minimum wage will not pay for housing costs, health care, child care, transportation and work clothes that an untrained uneducated woman needs to support even one child†(103). The future for welfare for single mothers is in jeopardy. Mothers on welfare want to get off, but there are not many options for them. David Zucchino describes the situation of a welfare mother named Elaine, â€Å"She needed to be there for them. They didn’t nee d a baby-sitter, she thought. They needed their mother†(30). Another problem that faces single mothers is child support. Geraldine Jensen states, â€Å"Nonpayment of child support is a crime that causes poverty in America. Certainly with welfare reform children are going to be even more at risk†(5). Robert Scheer explains, â€Å"Perhaps the Republicans will create jobs by lowering the minimum wage. But jobs or no jobs, the Republicans plan to kick the poor off welfare after two years†(111). The Welfare program was set up to help those families who need financial assistance. It was not created for people to depend on it. The Republican’s proposal would cut off benefits to those parents who truly need it. While cutting off welfare to single mothers may be an issue to taxpayers, many feel that the real issue is the innocent children that are punished as a result. Abramovitz, Mimi. Under Attack, Fighting Back: Women and Welfare in the United States. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1996. Archer, Bill, Hon., Marge Roukema, Hon., and Michael Collins, Hon. â€Å"Welfare Reform: Pro.† Reading and Writing Across the Curriculum. Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York: Longman, 1997. 317-22. Center for Budget Policy Priorities. â€Å"Crisis in Low-Income Rental Housing.† America 4 July 1998: 3. Coyne, William J., Hon., George E. Brown, Hon., and Maxine Waters. â€Å"Welfare Reform: Con.† Reading and Writing Across the Curriculum. Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York: Longman, 1997. 323-27. Duncan, Greg, J. â€Å"Welfare’s New Rules: A Pox on Children.† Issues in Science and Technology Winter 1997-98: 67-72. Jensen, Geraldine. â€Å"Deadbeat Parents Leave Kids in Poverty.† USA Today 22 April 1999: A5. Krauthammer, Charles. â€Å"Subsidized Illegitimacy.† Reading and Writing Across the Curriculum. Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York: Longman, 1997. 101-3. McCrary, Teresa. â€Å"Getting Off the Welfare Carousel.† Reading and Writing Across the Curriculum. Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York: Longman, 1997. 103-5. Pavetti, La Donna A. â€Å"Welfare Reform’s Darker Side.† America 19 September 1998: 3. Scheer, Robert. â€Å"Newt’s Welfare: Think of It as a Homeless Drill.† Reading and Writing Across the Curriculum. Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. New York: Longman, 1997. 109-11. Shapiro, Walter. â€Å"Turning Welfare Into Work: Do This Job Right.† USA Today 17 May 1996: A12. Woodson, Robert L., Sr. â€Å"Government Can’t Cure Poverty.† USA Today 7 Jan. 1998: A18-19. White, Lucie, ed. and Joel F. Handler, ed. Hard Labor: Women and Work in the Post-Welfare Era. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1999. Zucchino, David. Myth of the Welfare Queen. New York: Scribner, 1997. Research Papers on Welfare System Reform - Government (300 Level Course)The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHip-Hop is ArtTwilight of the UAWBringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraStandardized Testing

Brenton Butler Essay Sample

On the forenoon of May 7th. 2000 the slaying of Mary Ann Stephens occurred. She was a tourer to Jacksonville. Florida along with her hubby. The two were remaining at the Ramada Inn Hotel and had merely came from breakfast when they were approached by a immature black adult male who held them at gunpoint. took Mrs. Stephens’ bag so proceeded to hit her between the eyes. When the constabulary foremost arrived. the aged woman’s organic structure was several inches off from the way on which her and her hubby were walking along to acquire back to their room. Her organic structure was strewn across the grass. covered in blood with the slug and it’s lesion being clearly seeable to the bare oculus. This instance became controversial and it is believed that there was racial favoritism and profiling involved because Brenton Butler. and immature black male. was arrested several hours subsequently by constabularies. Police InvestigationIn the procedure of the apprehension of Brenton Butler. there was no extended probe done by the constabulary. During the test. this fact was admitted by the officers when Pat McGuiness. who was stand foring Brenton. raised the point of them non oppugning neighbors. non look intoing for Deoxyribonucleic acid on the stolen bag etc. When they arrived at the scene. they asked Mr. Stephens to give them a description of the taw. Mr. Stephens described the taw to be tall. scraggy physique. dark shirt and trunkss. a fishing chapeau and black in skin colour. Polices that were appraising the country saw Brenton Butler. who was at the clip walking from his place to Blockbuster to manus out a sketch. a thinly framed. tall. male have oning a dark shirt and dark shorts†¦coincidentally. Brenton Butler was a black male. Officer Williams and Officer Darnell told Brenton there had been a slaying nearby and asked him to come with them to inquire him some inquiries about anythin g he may hold seen. which Brenton agreed to. When they brought 15-year-old Brenton Butler to the offense scene. Mr. Stephens instantly identified Brenton as being the liquidator and asked the officers to convey him nearer. at this clip he positively identified him as being his wife’s liquidator. When brought into the constabulary station. Military officers William and Darnell passed Butler onto Detective Glover. Detective Glover got Brenton to squeal to the slaying. He did this by physically endangering the life of Brenton and stating that for every ten seconds that passed in which Butler didn’t mark the confession. he would ache him. He represented that by demoing Brenton his gun. Detective Glover so brought Brenton out into the forests where the gun had allegedly been hidden and wanted Brenton to demo him where it was. which Brenton did non cognize. Because of this. although there was no sufficient grounds to turn out such actions. Detective Glover punched Butler in the tummy twice and one time in his left oculus. If more investigation would hold been done. they would hold accounted the fact that Brenton was 5 inches shorter and many old ages younger than the adult male that Mr. Stephens reported. Brenton besides had a really noticeable logo on the forepart of the shirt he was have oning. when Mr. Stephens spoke of what the liquidator was have oning he said the shirt had been obviou sly. Besides. when Mr. McGuiness spoke with Brenton’s female parent in their place. he got a expression at Brenton’s hat aggregation. which consisted of 3 chapeaus. none of which were anything remotely near to the â€Å"fishing hat† which Mr. Stephens identified on the liquidator. Mr. Stephens besides neer mentioned the liquidator have oning spectacless. which Brenton wears mundane and would hold been visibly noticeable to Mr. Stephens sing the place of the liquidator at the clip in relation to himself. Neither officers nor investigators felt the demand to oppugn neighbours inquiring if they had seen Brenton at the times specified in their study. they didn’t experience the demand to garner background information on Brenton or see the fact that Brenton Butler had neer been in gaol before that day of the month. therefore he had neer committed a offense in Jacksonville. Florida. Brenton Butler was charged with armed robbery and the first grade slaying or Mary Ann Stephens on May 7th. 2000. Brenton Butler Page 1What about the Forensic Investigation†¦ ?Like the constabulary probe. there was a deficiency of forensic engagement in this instance every bit good. Brenton Butler was entirely charged based on the fact that. an oculus informant. Mr. Stephens identified Brenton as the liquidator. Many will declare this instance to be racial favoritism and racial profiling. due to the fact that Brenton was a black male like the liquidator. Brenton merely happened to be in the incorrect topographic point at the incorrect clip. In the forensic probe. after happening Mrs. Stephens’ stolen bag in a refuse container a stat mi off from the slaying. they should hold tested the bag for DNA and finger prints. If they had done this. they would hold seen that Brenton Butler’s finger prints were in fact non to be found on the bag. alternatively they would hold those of another adult male and Butler would hold been immediately proved inexperienced person. Cardinal people involved in the instance Brenton Butler – the accusedOfficer Darnell – constabularies officer. one of the officer’s that arrested and questioned Butler Officer Williams – constabularies officer. the 2nd officer that arrested and questioned Brenton Detective Glover – investigator and boy of the sheriff. Butler was passed on to Glover to give him a confession. Glover allegedly beat Brenton in the forests and threatened him and forced him into subscribing a written confession Pat McGuiness – attorney. he was the taking attorney stand foring Brenton. after the test he did more investigating Anne Finnell – attorney. she was besides supporting Brenton in his instance Harry Shorstein – State Attorney. decided to prosecute the instance after Brenton confessed Mr. Stephens – retired. he was a tourer sing Jacksonville with his married woman who was shot by a immature black male. he was an oculus informant to the instance. he identified Brenton Butler as be ing the liquidator of his married woman Mary Anne Stephens – retired. held at gunpoint. robbed and murdered Trial ProcedureIn this instance. following Brenton Butler’s apprehension. he taken in for a 12 hr inquiring and so signed and verbally confessed to the slaying after being threatened by Detective Glover. State Attorney Harry Shorstein decided to prosecute the instance. During the test. the chief focal point of the defending attorneies was deficiency of process. deficiency of probe and constabulary ferociousness. All that the prosecution attorney could concentrate on was the fact that Mr. Stephens had reported a tall. skinny. black male have oning dark vesture. which would depict Brenton. and the fact that Brenton confessed to the robbery and slaying. The constabulary and investigators involved in the instance. other than the oculus informant who identified Brenton and the false confession. did nil to garner grounds to turn out Brenton guilty. During the whole procedure. they didn’t state his parents where he was or that he was arrested. which by jurisprudence you have to if the accused is under age. they mislead Brenton’s parents when they showed up to their household place inquiring if Brenton was at that place and stating they merely wanted to speak to him about housebreakings that had been happening in the country. Besides. Officer Darnell had told Brenton he had the right to an lawyer and that if he didn’t have one that he would reach one for him. which he neer followed through with. In respects to the confession given and signed by Brenton. by jurisprudence. a confession must be made on your ain free will. you can’t be pressured into a confession. swayed or otherwise or else it can be deemed unequal to the instance. Brenton ButlerPage 2ResultAfter the shutting statements made by both opposing sides in the tribunal room. the justice told the jury how to do their determination. so they left the courtroom to make their finding of fact. It took the jury less than 1 hr to come to their decision. In respects to the charges against Brenton Butler by the State of Florida for the first degree slaying of Mary Ann Stephens. the jury found him non guilty. In respects to the charges against Brenton Butler by the province of Florida for armed robbery. the jury found him non guilty of that every bit good. So in other words. the jury found him inexperienced person of all charges. After the acquittal. Pat McGuinness. who represented Butler. set out to happen the existent liquidator so he could truly settle the instance. Person had notified him of two possible suspects. He so tested the bag for DNA and found that the prints on the bag matched to one of the names given to him. Jermel Williams pleaded guilty to second-degree slaying and was sentenced to ten old ages in prison. He besides testified against Juan Curtis. who’s fingerprints matched those found on Mrs. Stephens bag. Curtis was found guilty of first-degree slaying and sentenced to life in prison. Although later it was found that because there was no confession. they had denied Curtis’ right to a just test. so they granted him a retrial in which he was found guilty and sentenced to two back-to-back life footings. In February 2001. Brenton’s attorneies announced that they were prosecuting a civil case in which they wanted $ 2. 5 million in amendss against the metropolis. Sheriff’s section and the single officers. Eight months subsequently they refiled the case and wanted $ 8. 5 million alternatively. The Butler household accepted 775. 000 from the metropolis as a colony in 2002. They accepted this sum because of assorted grounds including how long the instance would be d ragged on and how hard it was to turn out the instance under the federal civil rights jurisprudence. Brenton Butler Now Brenton Butler is now 28 old ages old and has written a book about his experience called â€Å"They Said It Was Murder† . The book includes new inside informations about the whippings. his clip in gaol and other unfairnesss in the probe. Besides it discusses the impact the instance had on his household and the near-death of his female parent due to the emphasis of his apprehension. Miscarriages of Justice Brenton Butler spent 6 guiltless months in gaol. His civil rights were violated. They took him to the offense scene under false pretences. didn’t inform his parents of his whereabouts or that he had been arrested ( in the beginning ) and take his parents to believe that they had merely come to their place because they were inquiring the adolescents in the vicinity about reoccurring interruption Immigration and Naturalization Services. Besides. during Brenton’s oppugning. he was threatened and forced into subscribing a confession by Detective Glover and the other two officers and Brenton was taken into a wood and beaten by said investigator. These were all evidently unfairnesss in the instance. Why? Because officers and investigators are supposed to stay by certain Torahs and the rights of the accused and in this instance they did non and they were negligent. Another unfairness was the fact that anyone accused of perpetrating a offense is guiltless until proved guilty. I n Brenton’s instance. every bit shortly as he was spotted walking on the pavement. he was immediately guilty. Brenton ButlerPage 3Personal Chemical reaction Like the Steven Truscott instance. this merely shows us. even though this took topographic point in another state. how flawed our system is. It shows us that even constabularies officers can be racially know aparting and don’t abide by the Torahs. This instance taught us that one second we can be making something wholly normal and accustomed and if you end up in the incorrect topographic point at the incorrect clip. you neer know what could go on. It besides teaches us that we need to be more cognizant of our rights and be more educated on what to make in that sort of state of affairs. In my sentiment. I still trust the jurisprudence and I still trust the constabulary officers will protect me. After hearing about Brenton Butler and what he had to travel through and how ill he was treated it makes me fear the idea of something like this of all time someway go oning to myself. It makes me doubt the judgement of our authorities and our jurisprudence hatchet mans. It besides makes me recognize that society to is really judgmental and racially know aparting. In my sentiment. every bit good as in the sentiment of many others. Mr. Stephens merely identified Brenton Butler as the liquidator because of his race. The deficiency of grounds dorsums this theory up. It’s non merely Mr. Stephens that react in that manner of leap to that decision though. Although the whole segregation coevals has passed us. we still know apart against others. chiefly because they are different from ourselves and we don’t know about their civilization etc. Hearing about Brenton Butler’s instance made me inquire what his household must hold gone through. The emphasis they must hold been under. the anxiousness. the defeat and anger†¦it made me inquire how I would hold handled the state of affairs if I were in it. I besides can’t aid but believe what if Brenton had been a white male†¦he wouldn’t have been stopped by the constabulary that twenty-four hours and wouldn’t have been identified as the liquidator. What if the constabulary and investigators had done more to happen grounds. what if they had tested the bag for fingerprints one time they found it. why didn’t they check the bag for fingerprints†¦cases like this are really thought provoking and do you inquire so many inquiries that can’t be answered. I’m sword lily that he was proven guiltless after everything he went through and I’m sword lily he has been able to travel on with his life and portion with others his experience through his novel.

Investigative Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Investigative Study - Essay Example But from 1 October 2011, employers will no longer be able to dismiss an employee just because they have reached 65 unless they can objectively justify doing so, which in many cases will be difficult to prove. For example, an employer recruiting within the emergency services will be justified in having a retirement age as such a service requires a significant level of physical fitness. ‘When the DRA was introduced in 2006, it was not intended to be subject to initial consultation and review until 2011. This review date was brought forward due to the economic climate and the changes this has brought with it. In addition to this, the Government consider that people are living longer and should therefore be given the right to work longer if this is something they wish to do’(McGowan 2011). Between 6 April 2011 and 1 October 2011, only employees notified before 6 April 2011 and whose retirement date is before 1 October 2011 can be compulsorily retired using the DRA procedures . This effectively means that after 6 April 2011, if procedures have not already been commenced, employers will not be able to compulsorily retire employees without objective justification for doing so. a. Discussion of the implications to employees e.g. assessment of fitness to work, HRP, L&D, compliance with equality legislation The implication of this for employers is it may cost the business more in terms of insured benefits like life insurance and private medical coverage beyond the normal retirement age. The Government responded by stating that an exception will be introduced to the age discrimination rules so that employers do not suffer a detriment in this respect. However, this has not been confirmed yet. Employers can no longer simply rely on an employee reaching 65 for retirement to occur. This has the potential of affecting succession planning in an employer’s business. Employers are therefore under more pressure than ever to introduce policies and procedures that deal with the workforce generally such as work force planning and formal performance management procedures. The default retirement age of 65 for employees is currently an important exception to the ban on age discrimination in the workplace. Currently, if the statutory retirement procedure is followed employees cannot bring legal claims against their employer for forcing them to retire. Employees can ask to continue working, but employers are under no obligation to say yes. ‘The statutory retirement procedure requires an employer to notify an employee of their intended retirement date no more one year and no less than six months before that date’ (http 2010). ‘Less than a quarter of employers are in favour of scrapping the default retirement age of 65, while even fewer have made plans for it, according to new research’ (GP Business 2011). Law firm DWF's study discovered that only 24% think the new regulations that come into effect on April 6 this year are a good idea and just16% have made provisions for the change. In the wake of the findings, DWF held an HR directors' forum in

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Week6 - Assignment Example Healthcare professionals are mainly concerned with saving lives of people and their work is greatly valued which motivate them to work had. Self efficacy is also applicable to the healthcare profession according to the article. People who are sure that they can be successful in their careers are motivated than those who think otherwise. In case of expectancy, motivation is likely to suffer if the employees think that they will not get anything from their efforts. These three components fit very well into the profession of healthcare. Most healthcare workers are motivated at their jobs because they perceive that the work that they do is needed and important. Healthcare workers work to help people feel better- which they must believe is possible if that is what they are trying to achieve. Though healthcare workers are not always rewarded monetarily, many feel rewarded by praise or by knowing that they have helped someone. These are all very important factors for why healthcare professionals seek work in the area that they do and why they would continue to feel motivated in their jobs. I agree that three above mentioned factors fit in well in the healthcare system. First of all, nurses are motivated by the fact that they are regarded as very important in their profession. This influences them to put more effort in their work so that they can continue getting the valuable recognition from different people. Healthcare workers are also motivated by their perceived chances for success. Every individual has specific goals to achieve in his or her career and this is a motivating factor in its own. Lastly, healthcare workers are also motivated by the expectation of gaining a personal reward. Indeed, this is an external factor but it influences the healthcare workers to put more effort in their work when they are aware that they will be rewarded for their efforts. The first component is valance. This is related to

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Anton chekhov critic - Research Paper Example His is rather the cynical chuckle of a grown-up watching a child assume grimaces of deep earnestness and self-importance†. This is a unique type of humor that Chekhov captured masterfully in his early career and it is nice to see it appreciated by critics. This opinion of Chekhov is important because it shows that he did not take life too importantly. Many authors become overly serious about their craft and are unable to look at themselves objectively. This can completely ruin people, as once you begin taking yourself too seriously you lose your edge. In his earlier stories, Fagin claims that Chekhov had a much better sense of humour and did not take himself too seriously. This made these easier stories much more enjoyable to read, as â€Å"his earlier stories the laughable, and it is a more or less cheerful laugh, with little of the serious behind it† (Fagin). As Chekhov’s career carried on, however, Fagin noticed that he began to look at life differently and his stories suffered as a result. This is unfortunate, but it is probably a direct result of his upbringing in Russia and the social landscape during that time period. Fagin writes, â€Å"But as the stories grow more in volume, the undercurrent of gloom and a stifled groan of pain become more and more audible, until, in the later volumes, his laugh quite eloquently suggest the ominous combination of submission to Fate and Mephistophelian despair†. This shows that there was a fair amount of gloom in his life, as he did not know what the future would hold, but he did not believe that it would be positive for him and his country. No one knows for sure why Chekhov’s style of writing changed, but is very likely that the impact of the Russian political system had a major impact on it. This political system is though to be very dreary and to take a great deal of hope away from people, so it is possible that Chekhov essentially lost hope in life and that his writing shows this. No matter what the reason for

The Nature of Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Nature of Organizational Change - Essay Example ystem make profit margins of over 5%.He hopes to build a switching system and engines for trains and aims at selling water purification systems ,power plants, build steel mills in Russia ,build a cement processing plant and in Pakistan they hope to put up a desalination plant. He wants to see the that he boost his sales revenue through acquisitions as he did in the acquisition of Australian Engineering and CTI molecular firm who have assisted in acquiring of CT and MRI systems that assist in diagnosing of diseases. He has since underpinned all underperforming businesses such as the telecommunication business and made the companies structure simpler. When most people thought that he would put the underperforming business under a joint venture, he went ahead to sell the poor selling handset business unit to Taiwan BenQ Corp. The Chief Executive officer (CEO) is a transformational kind of leader who intends to change the culture of the organization and has led the organization to become one of the leading companies in the world. Since he took over the company, he has been able to push over the 400,000 employees to make decisions that are quick and to focus more on customers as they do in technology. Most of those who have worked with him say that he is very easy to work with. According to Jack Bergen, he describes him as a good communicator and a person who is able to build consensus. Therefore, he is a team player, a person who is able to consult widely and a go getter (Edersheim and Drucker 117). The company has eleven main entities that operate distinct and separate entities with their own board members and therefore communicating any change for the Chief Executive officer (CEO) is a big problem. He faced a very huge task of trying to change the mind set of his senior managers and employees so that they could keep up with the changes that were taking place in the global economy and technology. He also faced a lot of resistance from those who perceived him to be

Contemporary Organisational Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contemporary Organisational Theory - Assignment Example nsion felt in 24 nations in the world, signifying the complexities required for the management of such organisation, it has defiled the conventional methods adopted by organisations with the same complexities. The system adopted by Gore sought to deviate from the conventional methods of management. The concept was based on theory Y, which sought to build human relation. The theory assumes that people get motivation within self. When one is self-motivated, they become anxious to identify solutions for different problems. Besides, the theory ascribes that such individuals have the potential of working together in tasks without jeopardising the peace in the work environment. The method used by Bill and Vieve limited the number of employees for every given plant facility. For instance, they believe that 200 associates are appropriate for the model because it encourage the development of interpersonal trust. The two believes that if the number is exceeded, the productivity is likely to decline. They solved the problem by ensuring that every time the number is reached they opened a new facility instead of expanding. The concept of a limited number of employees is based on the anthropological concepts developed by Robin Dunbar. The concept asserts that social groupings correlates with the size that human can manage. Cases of complex social relations are not appropriate when encouraging human relationship. The number of people each employee can relate with was estimated to be 148 according to Dunbar. The new associates were given mentors who guided them and carried them through the units in the organisation to identify areas that match with their skills and talents. The approach is unique because it enables new entrance to identify areas within the organisation that matches with their preferences and hence improves their output. These strategies are unique because most organisations have right job descriptions used for employing new people based on the items listed in the

Anton chekhov critic research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anton chekhov critic - Research Paper Example His is rather the cynical chuckle of a grown-up watching a child assume grimaces of deep earnestness and self-importance†. This is a unique type of humor that Chekhov captured masterfully in his early career and it is nice to see it appreciated by critics. This opinion of Chekhov is important because it shows that he did not take life too importantly. Many authors become overly serious about their craft and are unable to look at themselves objectively. This can completely ruin people, as once you begin taking yourself too seriously you lose your edge. In his earlier stories, Fagin claims that Chekhov had a much better sense of humour and did not take himself too seriously. This made these easier stories much more enjoyable to read, as â€Å"his earlier stories the laughable, and it is a more or less cheerful laugh, with little of the serious behind it† (Fagin). As Chekhov’s career carried on, however, Fagin noticed that he began to look at life differently and his stories suffered as a result. This is unfortunate, but it is probably a direct result of his upbringing in Russia and the social landscape during that time period. Fagin writes, â€Å"But as the stories grow more in volume, the undercurrent of gloom and a stifled groan of pain become more and more audible, until, in the later volumes, his laugh quite eloquently suggest the ominous combination of submission to Fate and Mephistophelian despair†. This shows that there was a fair amount of gloom in his life, as he did not know what the future would hold, but he did not believe that it would be positive for him and his country. No one knows for sure why Chekhov’s style of writing changed, but is very likely that the impact of the Russian political system had a major impact on it. This political system is though to be very dreary and to take a great deal of hope away from people, so it is possible that Chekhov essentially lost hope in life and that his writing shows this. No matter what the reason for

Contemporary Organisational Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contemporary Organisational Theory - Assignment Example nsion felt in 24 nations in the world, signifying the complexities required for the management of such organisation, it has defiled the conventional methods adopted by organisations with the same complexities. The system adopted by Gore sought to deviate from the conventional methods of management. The concept was based on theory Y, which sought to build human relation. The theory assumes that people get motivation within self. When one is self-motivated, they become anxious to identify solutions for different problems. Besides, the theory ascribes that such individuals have the potential of working together in tasks without jeopardising the peace in the work environment. The method used by Bill and Vieve limited the number of employees for every given plant facility. For instance, they believe that 200 associates are appropriate for the model because it encourage the development of interpersonal trust. The two believes that if the number is exceeded, the productivity is likely to decline. They solved the problem by ensuring that every time the number is reached they opened a new facility instead of expanding. The concept of a limited number of employees is based on the anthropological concepts developed by Robin Dunbar. The concept asserts that social groupings correlates with the size that human can manage. Cases of complex social relations are not appropriate when encouraging human relationship. The number of people each employee can relate with was estimated to be 148 according to Dunbar. The new associates were given mentors who guided them and carried them through the units in the organisation to identify areas that match with their skills and talents. The approach is unique because it enables new entrance to identify areas within the organisation that matches with their preferences and hence improves their output. These strategies are unique because most organisations have right job descriptions used for employing new people based on the items listed in the

American Indians Essay Example for Free

American Indians Essay The people now known as Indians or Native Americans were the first people to live in the Americas. They had been living there for thousands of years before any Europeans arrived. The Vikings explored the east coast of North America around A. D. 1000 and had some contact with Indians (Watson Howell 1980). But lasting contact between Indians and Europeans began with Christopher Columbuss voyages to the Americas. In 1492, Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain. He was seeking a short sea route to the Indies, which then included India, China, the East Indies, and Japan. Europeans did not then know that North and South America existed. When Columbus landed in what is now known as the West Indies, he did not realize he had come to a New World. He thought he had reached the Indies, and so he called the people he met Indians. Almost every Indian group had its own name. Many of these names reflected the pride of each group in itself and its way of life. For example, the Delaware Indians of eastern North America called themselves Lenape, which means genuine people. Today, many Indians refer to themselves as Native Americans. The first Indians came to the New World from Siberia, in Asia. Most scientists think they arrived at least 15,000 years ago. At that time huge ice sheets covered much of the northern half of the earth. The Bering Strait, which today is a narrow area of water that separates Asia and North America, was easily walked across by the Indians who were following the animals that they were hunting. Much later this ice sheet melted and the land bridge became covered with water. By then, Indian groups had already spread throughout the New World, all over North and South America. These Indian groups developed different cultures because of the different climates and landforms in the regions in which they settled. Body Anthropologists, scientists who study human culture, classify the hundreds of North and South American Indian tribes into groups of tribes that are alike. These groups are called culture areas. Some of the cultures of North America are the Arctic; the Northeast, or Eastern Woodlands; the Plains; and Southwest. The Indians spoke hundreds of different languages and had many different ways of life. Some groups lived in great cities and others in small villages. The Aztec and the Maya of Central America built large cities. Some of the Aztec cities had as many as 100,000 people. The Maya built special buildings in which they studied the moon, the stars, and the sun. They also developed a calendar and a system of writing. Many of the Indians of Eastern North America lived in villages. They hunted and farmed, growing such crops as beans, corns and squash (Bains, 1985). Most of the Indians were friendly at first and taught the newcomers many things. The European explorers followed Indian trails to sources of water and deposits of copper, gold, silver, turquoise, and other minerals. The Indians taught them to make snowshoes and sleds and to travel by canoe. Food was another of the Indians important gifts. The Indians grew many foods that the newcomers had never heard of, such as avocados, corn, peanuts, peppers, pineapples, potatoes, squash, and tomatoes. They also introduced the whites to tobacco. The Indians, in turn, learned much from the whites. The Europeans brought many goods that were new to the Indians. These goods included metal tools, guns, and liquor. The Europeans also brought cattle and horses, which were unknown to the Indians. The Europeans and the Indians had widely different ways of life. Some Europeans tried to understand the Indians ways and treated them fairly. But others cheated the Indians and took their land. When the Indians fought back, thousands of them were killed in battle. At first, they had only bows and arrows and spears, but the Europeans had guns. Even more Indians died from measles, smallpox, and other new diseases introduced by the whites. As the Europeans moved westward across North America, they became a greater threat to the Indian way of life. Finally, most of the remaining Indians were moved onto reservations. Most daily activities of an Indian family centered on providing the main necessities of life such as food, clothing, and shelter. Men and women usually had separate tasks. For example, both men and women were often involved in providing food. But they did so in different ways. In some areas, the women gathered wild plants for food, and the men hunted. In the Northeast and Southeast culture areas, the men hunted, and the women farmed the land. In parts of what are now Arizona and New Mexico and in Middle and South America, the men did the farming. The women gathered plants. In all areas, women were generally responsible for preparing the food. Many Indians married at an early age, the girls between 13 and 15 and the boys between 15 and 20. In some Indian tribes, the parents or other relatives chose the marriage partners for the young people. In other tribes, especially those of North America, a young man could select his own mate. He had to convince the girl and her parents that he would make a suitable husband. In many cases, he offered them valuable gifts to win their approval. Throughout most of the New World, marriage was a family affair and not a religious ceremony. The boys family usually gave presents to the brides family. Many newly married couples lived with the girls family and the husband worked for her family until the birth of a child. Then the couple might establish their own home. But they generally did not move to a new home in a new area. Many other newly married couples joined an existing family group or lived close to one. Some of the couples moved in with other relatives of the woman or with the relatives of the man. This extended family shared with the daily work of the household, including the raising of children. Many Indian groups allowed men to have more than one wife. But this practice was common only among rich or powerful men. After a man died, his wife would often live with his brother as husband and wife even if the brother was already married. Similarly, if a woman died, her family would probably be expected to give her husband another unmarried daughter to replace her. Most Indian families were small because many children died at birth or as babies. Indian children were praised when they behaved well and shamed when they misbehaved. Only the Aztec and Inca tribes had regular schools. Boys and girls of other tribes learned to perform mens and womens jobs by helping their parents and older brothers and sisters. After most boys reached their early teens, they went through a test of strength or bravery called an initiation ceremony. Many went without food for a long period or lived alone in the wilderness. In some tribes, a boy was expected to have a vision of the spirit that would become his lifelong guardian. Some groups also had initiation ceremonies for girls. A teenager who successfully completed an initiation ceremony was considered an adult and ready to be married. Food that Indians ate depended on where they lived. Indian tribes that lived on the plains of the United States, where buffalo and other game were plentiful, ate mainly meat. Meat was also the principal food of those Indians who inhabited the woodlands and tundra (frigid treeless plain) of Alaska and Canada. The Pueblo of the Southwest and other farming groups lived chiefly on beans, corn, and squash. Potatoes were an important crop among the Inca. MacNeish (1992) stated that Indians in the tropical areas of South America made bread from the roots of bitter cassava, a small shrub. Tribes that lived near water caught fish and gathered shellfish. Most Indian groups ate berries, nuts, roots, seeds, and wild plants. They also gathered salt and collected maple sap wherever they could. Indians made a kind of tea from such plants as sassafras and wintergreen. Many Indians drank a mild beer that was known as chicha. They made this beer from corn, cassava, peanuts, or potatoes. Indians who ate mostly meat cooked it by roasting, broiling, or boiling. Farming Indians and others who ate chiefly vegetables developed various methods of boiling or baking. They often made pit ovens by lining holes in the ground with hot stones. Indians preserved meat by smoking it or by drying it in the sun. North American Indians mixed dried meat with grease and berries to make a food called pemmican. Most Indians ate with their fingers, but some used spoons made from animal bones, shells, or wood. Indians built many kinds of homes because they lived in different climates and had different building materials available to them (Brandt Guzzi, 1985). Those who moved about a great deal had simple shelters they could carry easily, or they built temporary shelters. Indians who stayed in one place built larger, more permanent homes. Some groups built large houses where many families lived together. Others had simple dwellings that housed only a few people. In some cases, shelter changed with the season. Some Indians in Canada built snow houses during the winter. But in the summer, they lived in tents made of animal hides. In the United States, these Indians are sometimes called Eskimos. In other areas, the Indians covered their tepees with animal skins or with tree bark. Indians at the southern tip of South America also used skins to cover shelters called windbreaks, which were open on one side. Some tribes of the Northwest made cloth of bark and reeds, and the Pueblo wove cotton cloth. The Aztec, Inca, Maya, and some Caribbean tribes wove beautiful cotton and woolen cloth. Indians in the hot South American areas often wore no clothing at all. In many tribes, a man wore only a breechcloth, a narrow band of cloth that passed between the legs and looped over the front and rear of a belt. Women wore simple aprons or skirts. Indians in colder climates wore leggings, shirts, and robes. Some wore sandals or moccasins to protect their feet. Travel by water was the most common means of transportation. Many Indians used bark canoes, which were light and easy to carry. Some large dugout canoes carried as many as 60 people. The Plains tribes used dogs and, later, horses to pull a load-carrying frame called a travois. Andean Indians used alpacas and llamas as beasts of burden. But these animals could not carry heavy loads, so the people themselves carried most of their goods. People often supported a heavy load on their back with a pack strap called a tumpline. Indians of the Arctic and the Northwest Coast and some other areas hunted or fished for most of their food. They also hunted some birds only for the feathers, and they prized the fur of beavers and certain other animals. Indians in the West got most of their food by gathering wild seeds, nuts, and roots. Even in the Southwest and other farming areas, hunting, gathering, and fishing were important. The most important game animals of North and South America included deer; rabbits and other small game: ducks, geese, herons, seals, sea lions, whales, turtles, and snakes. Bear, buffalo, caribou, elk, and moose lived only in North America. Animals that were hunted mainly in South America included the guanaco, jaguar, peccary, rhea, and tapir. Indians hunted with the same kinds of weapons they used in war. Many bows and arrows, spears, and clubs had special features for hunting. For example, some Indians used unsharpened arrows to shoot birds in trees. These arrows stunned the birds so that they fell to the ground. The Hopi stunned small game with a kind of boomerang. The Indians caught fish with harpoons, hooks and lines, spears, and traps and nets. Tribes of the Northwest Coast also used long poles called herring rakes. These poles had jagged points and could catch a number of herring at one time. In tropical South America, Indians stood on river sand bars and shot fish with bows and arrows. Both North and South American Indians used drugs to catch fish. In one method, Indians chopped up certain plants and threw them in the water. These plants stunned the fish. Then the Indians could easily scoop them out of the water. Indians of the Northeast and the Tropical Forest used slash-and-burn farming methods. They cut down a number of trees and burned them. Then they planted their crops among the trunks. The ashes from the burned trees served as fertilizer. Indians in Mexico and the Southern United States raised turkeys. Wars occurred from time to time among the tribes of the Americas. But not all tribes took part in warfare. Many tribes opposed fighting, and others were so small that they did not have enough warriors to fight a war. Many of the Indian leaders who tried to defend their tribes and land against the white people became famous warriors. They included King Philip, a Wampanoag; Pontiac, an Ottawa; Tecumseh, a Shawnee; Osceola, a Seminole; Crazy Horse, of the Sioux; and Geronimo, an Apache. The bow and arrow was probably the most common Indian weapon throughout North and South America. Some South American tribes put poison on their arrowheads. Many Indians fought with spears and war clubs (Steele Galdone 1992). The Indians of eastern North America developed a special type of club known as the tomahawk. A weapon of the Aztec consisted of pieces of obsidian (volcanic glass) stuck into a wooden club. South American Indians used blowguns and slings. Warfare gave Indians a chance to achieve high rank in their tribes. On the Plains, it was considered braver to touch a live enemy and get away than to kill the enemy. This act was known as counting coup â€Å"koo†. Warriors on the Plains carried a coup stick into battle and attempted to touch an enemy with it. Those warriors who counted coup wore eagle feathers as signs of their courage.

Refurbishment vs redevelopment

Refurbishment vs redevelopment Chapter 1 Refurbishment vs redevelopment Malaysia property market has experienced a drastic change in 2008. The property market moved from a boom at the end of 2007 to uncertainties due to increasing construction cost. Finally, the property market moved into a relatively quiet market towards the end of 2008. With all the banks trying to tighten their loan terms, obtaining loans for development of all types of commercial building have been difficult in the last three years. Yet, study shows that there is still a high demand for space in office building in area like Kuala Lumpur. From time to time, there are several developments of new office buildings in Klang Valley area. From the study done by JPPH, there is an increase of approximately 10 million square metres of new office space throughout Kuala Lumpur. Yet, the average vacancy rate in office space decreased to 18.6%. This proved that the demand for office building is still able to cater the increase in new office space. Study also showed that there is a new supply of approximately 280,000 square metres of new office space and additional 92,000 square metres of office being refurbished and repositioned in the year of 2009. So, building owners have to struggle to maintain the popularity and the competitiveness of their building. The current lack of new-build development raises the likelihood of grade-A supply shortages when the occupier market returns, creating investment opportunities for carefully targeted refurbishment. But, usually owner is in great dilemma when they are in such situation. As everyone know, the refurbishment of office space offers advantages over new-build which can facilitate the achievement of economic, social and environmental sustainability. But, redevelopment is the ultimate solution for eliminating all problems regarding the maintenance, changing tenants requirement and other probems. Making comparisons between refurbishment and redevelopment is also problematic because the term refurbishment can be used to encompass a wide spectrum of building works, from minor cosmetic improvements through to extensive reconstruction. But, in the majority of cases, refurbishment will be a quicker and cheaper means of restoring second-hand office space to grade-A specification. As a low-cost option, the refurbishment of office space should be intuitively attractive in an economic climate marked by a lack of development finance. But in many cases refurbishment is as costly as redevelopment and likely to carry with it greater risks and physical constraints. Problem statement Malaysian has been accused as a clever builder but poor manager. For example, certain office buildings in Golden Triangle are often looked deteriorated and relatively matured compared to other purposed-built office building. Example of such older office buildings are those office building located on the fringe of Central Business District, like Jalan Ampang. These older office buildings have a higher tendency to be left vacant due to its poor office building images. This will leads to lower rental rate to be paid by the tenants to remain its competitiveness. Other important characteristic of such office building also includes by low occupancy rate, lower quality of the building and services provided. Besides, recent office developments are very likely to adopt green features such as energy saving, reduction of wastage and water usage, as well as the use of environmentally friendly materials. This new trend in development had forced many owners evaluate the condition of their building and try to make several changes to the buildings to attracts more tenants. These efforts are important to attract corporations who fascinate energy-saving and environmental-friendly building. But making such decision is not easy. The owners have to evaluate the cost and benefit of each choice, and determine the solution he desires to improve the condition of his buildings. But other factors also have to take into consideration. For example, the rate of interest the bank would charge for development of different risk, the time of completion and others also greatly affect the decision-making of owner Objectives of study This study has three main objectives. There are: To determine factors influencing the decision-making in deriving a solution to the method chosen. To identify the benefits of building refurbishment or redevelopment to the building users. To determine whether tenant likes refurbished secondary office building or newly redeveloped building. Scope of study The scope of this study will focus on selected office buildings, both building which had undergo refurbishment and those which had undergone redevelopment. To ensure a more complete study, the newly constructed building is also considered as building undergone redevelopment. The respondents of the questionnaire are limited to tenants in Golden Triangle area only. As for the property manager, all property managers can be chosen as the interviewee. Building manager who are hired by owners and acted on behalf of them, will gives their opinions in owner perspectives (maximise profit) and current tenants will voice out their preferences in choosing a building space. Methodology All the relevant data are collected through primary data and secondary data. Primary data includes questionnaire, samplings, interviews and case study. In this study, respondents identified in questionnaire study are selected property manager who represents building owners point of view and some tenants within Golden Triangle area through sampling. As for interview session, interviewees targeted are property manager who are the representatives of building owners. Through this interview sessions, benefit of building refurbishment and redevelopment will be ascertained. Finally, case study of three similar office buildings will also be done as the quantitative analysis. All three building will be compared according to the cost incurred for construction and the benefit obtained. Then the differences in term of occupancy rates, rental and others will be calculated to represent the increment in term of market value. On the other hand, collection of data in this study will also includes references such as reference book, journal, articles, conference paper, property market reports, internet/ website searching and other sources. In addition, data will also be collected from books, magazines or newspaper article to obtain general information on building refurbishment and the effects of building refurbishment. Further details of methodology will be discussed in Chapter 3. Structure of Study This study consisted of five chapters. The brief discussion of each chapter is discussed as follows: Chapter 1 Chapter 1 is the introduction of the study. This chapter starts with an introduction of this study with a brief background. Besides, other things like problem statement, scope of study, methodology and others are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 2 Chapter 2 is about the literature review. In this chapter, definition of building refurbishment and redevelopment, benefit of building refurbishment and redevelopment and others will be discussed in this chapter. Besides, factor influencing decision making of building refurbishment and the tenant preferences will also be discussed. Chapter 3 Chapter 3 is the methodology. In this chapter, methodology used to survey and interview in order to gather information needed. The structure of questionnaire is also discussed in this chapter. Furthermore, a brief discussion on the opinion of respondents of questionnaire and interviews will also be carried out in the last part of this chapter. Chapter 4 Chapter 4 is the chapter regarding research findings analysis. In this chapter, data gather will be analysed and presented in this chapter. An analysis on the benefit of building refurbishment and its value-enhancing ability will also be carried out by studying the information gathered through interviews, questionnaire survey, and secondary data. Chapter 5 Chapter 5 discuss about the conclusion and recommendation. In this chapter, conclusion from the findings and analysis of data in the previous chapter will be discussed and summarized. Besides, it also illustrate on the confirmation of the objectives and overall summary for the whole study. Other information included in this chapter is the suggestions for further study.